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The education of Alice Hamilton : from Fort Wayne to Harvard
\"As the founder of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the first woman faculty member of Harvard University, Alice Hamilton will be remembered for her contributions to public health and her remarkable career. Born and raised in Fort Wayne, Indiana, Hamilton attended several medical schools contributing to her lifelong dedication to learning. Focusing on the investigation of the health and safety conditions -- or rather lack thereof -- in the nation's factories and mines during the second decade of the twentieth century, her discoveries led to factory and mine level-initiated reforms, and to city, state, and federal reform legislation. It also led to a greater recognition in the nation's universities for formal academic programs in industrial and public health. In 1919 the Harvard officials considered Hamilton the best qualified person in the country to lead their effort in this area. The Education of Alice Hamilton is an inspiring story of a woman dedicated to erudition and helping others\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A historical perspective on the role of sensory nerves in neurogenic inflammation
The term ‘neurogenic inflammation’ is commonly used, especially with respect to the role of sensory nerves within inflammatory disease. However, despite over a century of research, we remain unclear about the role of these nerves in the vascular biology of inflammation, as compared with their interacting role in pain processing and of their potential for therapeutic manipulation. This chapter attempts to discuss the progress in understanding, from the initial discovery of sensory nerves until the present day. This covers pioneering findings that these nerves exist, are involved in vascular events and act as important sensors of environmental changes, including injury and infection. This is followed by discovery of the contents they release such as the established vasoactive neuropeptides substance P and CGRP as well as anti-inflammatory peptides such as the opioids and somatostatin. The more recent emergence of the importance of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels has revealed some of the mechanisms by which these nerves sense environmental stimuli. This knowledge enables a platform from which to learn of the potential role of neurogenic inflammation in disease and in turn of novel therapeutic targets.
Journal Article
The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Mission
The MAVEN spacecraft launched in November 2013, arrived at Mars in September 2014, and completed commissioning and began its one-Earth-year primary science mission in November 2014. The orbiter’s science objectives are to explore the interactions of the Sun and the solar wind with the Mars magnetosphere and upper atmosphere, to determine the structure of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere and the processes controlling it, to determine the escape rates from the upper atmosphere to space at the present epoch, and to measure properties that allow us to extrapolate these escape rates into the past to determine the total loss of atmospheric gas to space through time. These results will allow us to determine the importance of loss to space in changing the Mars climate and atmosphere through time, thereby providing important boundary conditions on the history of the habitability of Mars. The MAVEN spacecraft contains eight science instruments (with nine sensors) that measure the energy and particle input from the Sun into the Mars upper atmosphere, the response of the upper atmosphere to that input, and the resulting escape of gas to space. In addition, it contains an Electra relay that will allow it to relay commands and data between spacecraft on the surface and Earth.
Journal Article
Discovery of diffuse aurora on Mars
Planetary auroras reveal the complex interplay between an atmosphere and the surrounding plasma environment. We report the discovery of low-altitude, diffuse auroras spanning much of Mars’ northern hemisphere, coincident with a solar energetic particle outburst. The Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph, a remote sensing instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, detected auroral emission in virtually all nightside observations for ~5 days, spanning nearly all geographic longitudes. Emission extended down to ~60 kilometer (km) altitude (1 microbar), deeper than confirmed at any other planet. Solar energetic particles were observed up to 200 kilo–electron volts; these particles are capable of penetrating down to the 60 km altitude. Given minimal magnetic fields over most of the planet, Mars is likely to exhibit auroras more globally than Earth.
Journal Article
Transient Foreshock Structures Upstream of Mars: Implications of the Small Martian Bow Shock
The typical subsolar stand‐off distance of Mars' bow shock is of the order of a solar wind ion convective gyroradius, making it highly non‐planar to incident ions. Using spacecraft observations and a test particle model, we illustrate the impact of the bow shock curvature on transient structures which form near the upstream edge of moving foreshocks caused by slow rotations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The structures exhibit noticeable decrease in the solar wind plasma density and the IMF strength within their core, are accompanied by a compressional shock layer, and are consistent with foreshock bubbles (FBs). Ion populations responsible for these structures include backstreaming ions that only appear within the moving foreshock and reflected ions with hybrid trajectories that straddle between the quasi‐perpendicular and quasi‐parallel bow shocks during slow IMF rotations. Both ion populations accumulate near the upstream edge of the moving foreshock which facilitates FB formation. Plain Language Summary Planets in the solar system are continuously impacted by the solar wind, a plasma flow originating at the Sun and propagating through the interplanetary medium at high speeds. The solar wind also carries a magnetic field which at times contains twists or discontinuities. The discontinuities are associated with large scale electric currents that can have planar shapes. A planetary obstacle significantly modulate the solar wind plasma and the interaction of solar wind discontinuities with the modulated plasma upstream of the planet leads to formation of transient structures. Due to their relatively large size, these structures can significantly impact and destabilize plasma boundaries at lower altitudes closer to the surface. The results of this paper improve our understanding of solar wind interactions and formation of transient structures upstream of Mars. Key Points Foreshock bubbles can form upstream of Mars Slow field rotations can cause foreshock bubbles while reflected ions from the quasi‐perpendicular bow shock contribute to their formation Unique ion kinetic scale processes exist around foreshock structures at Mars due to the different interaction size scale
Journal Article
Genetic overlap of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease-related traits: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis
Background
A growing number of studies clearly demonstrate a substantial association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), although little is known about the shared genetics that contribute to this association.
Methods
We conducted a large-scale cross-trait genome-wide association study to investigate genetic overlap between COPD (N
case
= 12,550, N
control
= 46,368) from the International COPD Genetics Consortium and four primary cardiac traits: resting heart rate (RHR) (
N
= 458,969), high blood pressure (HBP) (N
case
= 144,793, N
control
= 313,761), coronary artery disease (CAD)(N
case
= 60,801, N
control
= 123,504), and stroke (N
case
= 40,585, N
control
= 406,111) from UK Biobank, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium, and International Stroke Genetics Consortium data.
Results
RHR and HBP had modest genetic correlation, and CAD had borderline evidence with COPD at a genome-wide level. We found evidence of local genetic correlation with particular regions of the genome. Cross-trait meta-analysis of COPD identified 21 loci jointly associated with RHR, 22 loci with HBP, and 3 loci with CAD. Functional analysis revealed that shared genes were enriched in smoking-related pathways and in cardiovascular, nervous, and immune system tissues. An examination of smoking-related genetic variants identified SNPs located in 15q25.1 region associated with cigarettes per day, with effects on RHR and CAD. A Mendelian randomization analysis showed a significant positive causal effect of COPD on RHR (causal estimate = 0.1374,
P
= 0.008).
Conclusion
In a set of large-scale GWAS, we identify evidence of shared genetics between COPD and cardiac traits.
Journal Article
Characterizing Atmospheric Escape from Mars Today and Through Time, with MAVEN
Two of the primary goals of the MAVEN mission are to determine how the rate of escape of Martian atmospheric gas to space at the current epoch depends upon solar influences and planetary parameters and to estimate the total mass of atmosphere lost to space over the history of the planet. Along with MAVEN’s suite of nine science instruments, a collection of complementary models of the neutral and plasma environments of Mars’ upper atmosphere and near-space environment are an indispensable part of the MAVEN toolkit, for three primary reasons. First, escaping neutrals will not be directly measured by MAVEN and so neutral escape rates must be derived, via models, from in situ measurements of plasma temperatures and neutral and plasma densities and by remote measurements of the extended exosphere. Second, although escaping ions will be directly measured, all MAVEN measurements are limited in spatial coverage, so global models are needed for intelligent interpolation over spherical surfaces to calculate global escape rates. Third, MAVEN measurements will lead to multidimensional parameterizations of global escape rates for a range of solar and planetary parameters, but further global models informed by MAVEN data will be required to extend these parameterizations to the more extreme conditions that likely prevailed in the early solar system, which is essential for determining total integrated atmospheric loss. We describe these modeling tools and the strategies for using them in concert with MAVEN measurements to greater constrain the history of atmospheric loss on Mars.
Journal Article
The Carrying Capacity of the Solar Wind: Applications to Ion Escape
We present a physically motivated analytic framework for estimating solar wind mass-loading rates from ion sources using a simplified “particles in a box” (PIB) model. By applying conservation of energy and conservation of magnetic flux, we derive a general equation for the global pickup ion rate that explicitly accounts for both kinetic and electromagnetic (Poynting) energy fluxes supplied by the upstream wind and distributed to downstream particles and fields. Our analysis reveals that the global pickup rate may be fundamentally constrained by upstream wind parameters and the geometry of the interaction in a nontrivial manner. We further derive a theoretical upper limit to the maximum mass flux that a super-Alfvénic wind can transport. We call this limit the carrying capacity; it is an inherent property of the wind. We apply this framework to the Giotto flyby of Grigg–Skjellerup, and to unmagnetized and weakly magnetized terrestrial planets. The results suggest that the PIB framework may provide a useful big-picture approach for understanding and estimating stellar wind ion pickup in cometary and planetary environments inside and out of the solar system.
Journal Article
Atmospheric Escape From Earth and Mars: Response to Solar and Solar Wind Drivers of Oxygen Escape
Habitability at the surface of a planet depends on having an atmosphere long enough for life to develop. The loss of atmosphere to space is an important component in assessing planetary surface habitability. Current models of atmospheric escape from exoplanets are not well constrained by observations. Atmospheric escape observations from the terrestrial planets are available in public data archives. We recast oxygen escape rates from Earth derived from an instrument on Dynamics Explorer‐1 as function of solar wind and compare them to similar data from Mars. Analysis demonstrates that oxygen escape rates from Mars are not as sensitive to variations in solar power components as those from Earth. Available data from Venus can confirm or refute the assertion that oxygen escape from magnetized planets is more sensitive than that from unmagnetized planets. Plain Language Summary Habitability of a planet depends on having an atmosphere long enough for life to develop. NASA and ESA data archives contain information about atmospheric escape from the terrestrial planets. For these planets oxygen ions dominate atmospheric escape. The data archives are just beginning to be analyzed and presented in a form that allows comparison with, and validation of, models of the interaction of stellar winds with exoplanets. We derive oxygen escape rates from Earth as a function of solar power components from a recasting of Dynamics Explorer‐1 data and compare them to similar data from Mars. Our analysis demonstrates that oxygen escape rates from Mars are not as sensitive to variations in the solar power components as those from Earth. These data and similar data from Venus will prove to be important constrains on models of stelar wind/atmosphere interactions and atmospheric escape from exoplanets. Key Points We recast oxygen escape rates from Earth derived from an instrument on Dynamics Explorer‐1 as a function of solar energy inputs We compare escape rates for a magnetized planet (Earth) and an unmagnetized planet (Mars) as a function of solar energy inputs Oxygen escape rates from Mars are not as sensitive to variations in the solar power components as those from Earth
Journal Article
TRPA1 is essential for the vascular response to environmental cold exposure
The cold-induced vascular response, consisting of vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation, is critical for protecting the cutaneous tissues against cold injury. Whilst this physiological reflex response is historic knowledge, the mechanisms involved are unclear. Here by using a murine model of local environmental cold exposure, we show that TRPA1 acts as a primary vascular cold sensor, as determined through TRPA1 pharmacological antagonism or gene deletion. The initial cold-induced vasoconstriction is mediated via TRPA1-dependent superoxide production that stimulates α
2C
-adrenoceptors and Rho-kinase-mediated MLC phosphorylation, downstream of TRPA1 activation. The subsequent restorative blood flow component is also dependent on TRPA1 activation being mediated by sensory nerve-derived dilator neuropeptides CGRP and substance P, and also nNOS-derived NO. The results allow a new understanding of the importance of TRPA1 in cold exposure and provide impetus for further research into developing therapeutic agents aimed at the local protection of the skin in disease and adverse climates.
Blood flow in the skin of mammals changes in response to cold, but the mechanisms driving this response are unclear. Aubdool
et al
. show that the non-selective cation channel, TRPA1, is a vascular cold sensor and required for the vascular protective response to local cold exposure.
Journal Article