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Exposure to a diverse environmental microbiome is thought to play an important role in \"educating\" the immune system and facilitating competitive exclusion of pathogens to maintain human health. Vegetation and soil are key sources of airborne microbiota--the aerobiome. A limited number of studies have attempted to characterize the dynamics of near surface green space aerobiomes, and no studies to date have investigated these dynamics from a vertical perspective. Vertical stratification in the aerobiome could have important implications for public health and for the design, engineering, and management of urban green spaces. The primary objectives of this study were to: ) assess whether significant vertical stratification in bacterial species richness and evenness (alpha diversity) of the aerobiome occurred in a parkland habitat in Adelaide, South Australia; ) assess whether significant compositional differences (beta diversity) between sampling heights occurred; and ) to preliminarily assess whether there were significant altitudinal differences in potentially pathogenic and beneficial bacterial taxa. We combined an innovative columnar sampling method at soil level, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and , using passive petri dish sampling to collect airborne bacteria. We used a geographic information system (GIS) to select study sites, and we used high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to assess whether significant vertical stratification of the aerobiome occurred. Our results provide evidence of vertical stratification in both alpha and beta (compositional) diversity of airborne bacterial communities, with diversity decreasing roughly with height. We also found significant vertical stratification in potentially pathogenic and beneficial bacterial taxa. Although additional research is needed, our preliminary findings point to potentially different exposure attributes that may be contingent on human height and activity type. Our results lay the foundations for further research into the vertical characteristics of urban green space aerobiomes and their implications for public health and urban planning. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7807.

Contemporary climate change is having widespread impacts on plant populations. Understanding how plants respond to this change is essential to our efforts to conserve them. The key climate responses of plant populations can be categorised into one of three types: migration, in situ adaptation, or extirpation. If populations are to avoid extirpation then migration and/or in situ adaptation is essential. In this review we first articulate the current and future constraints of plant populations, but trees in particular, to the different adaptation strategies (e.g. space availability, rate of change, habitat fragmentation, niche availability). Secondly, we assess the use of the most appropriate methods (e.g. natural environmental gradients, genome and transcriptome scans) for assessing and understanding adaptive responses and the capacity to adapt to future challenges. Thirdly, we discuss the best conservation approaches (e.g. assisted migration, biodiversity corridors, ex situ strategies) to help overcome adaptive constraints in plants. Our synthesis of plant, and particularly tree, responses and constraints to climate change adaptation, combined with the identification of conservation strategies designed to overcome constraints, will help deliver effective management actions to assist adaptation in the face of current and future climate change.

Incorporating recent advances in environmental microbiome research and policy is a major challenge for urban design. We set out a framework for managing construction projects so that multidisciplinary teams of researchers and practitioners can explicitly consider environmental microbiota in design and construction contexts, thereby increasing ecosystem functionality and public health.

Selecting the geographic origin—the provenance—of seed is a key decision in restoration. The last decade has seen a vigorous debate on whether to use local or nonlocal seed. The use of local seed has been the preferred approach because it is expected to maintain local adaptation and avoid deleterious population effects (e.g., maladaptation and outbreeding depression). However, the impacts of habitat fragmentation and climate change on plant populations have driven the debate on whether the local-is-best standard needs changing. This debate has largely been theoretical in nature, which hampers provenance decision-making. Here, we detail cross-sector priority actions to improve provenance decision-making, including embedding provenance trials into restoration projects; developing dynamic, evidence-based provenance policies; and establishing stronger research–practitioner collaborations to facilitate the adoption of research outcomes. We discuss how to tackle these priority actions in order to help satisfy the restoration sector’s requirement for appropriately provenanced seed.

Exposure to biodiverse aerobiomes supports human health, but it is unclear which ecological factors influence exposure. Few studies have investigated near-surface green space aerobiome dynamics, and no studies have reported aerobiome vertical stratification in different urban green spaces. We used columnar sampling and next generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, combined with geospatial and network analyses to investigate urban green space aerobiome spatio-compositional dynamics. We show a strong effect of habitat on bacterial diversity and network complexity. We observed aerobiome vertical stratification and network complexity that was contingent on habitat type. Tree density, closer proximity, and canopy coverage associated with greater aerobiome alpha diversity. Grassland aerobiomes exhibited greater proportions of putative pathogens compared to scrub, and also stratified vertically. We provide novel insights into the urban ecosystem with potential importance for public health, whereby the possibility of differential aerobiome exposures appears to depend on habitat type and height in the airspace. This has important implications for managing urban landscapes for the regulation of aerobiome exposure.

Revegetation is one practical application of science that should ideally aim to combine ecology with evolution to maximise biodiversity and ecosystem outcomes. The strict use of locally sourced seed in revegetation programs is widespread and is based on the expectation that populations are locally adapted. This practice does not fully integrate two global drivers of ecosystem change and biodiversity loss: habitat fragmentation and climate change. Here, we suggest amendments to existing strategies combined with a review of alternative seed-sourcing strategies that propose to mitigate against these drivers. We present a provenancing selection guide based on confidence surrounding climate change distribution modelling and data on population genetic and/or environmental differences between populations. Revegetation practices will benefit from greater integration of current scientific developments and establishment of more long-term experiments is key to improving the long-term success. The rapid growth in carbon and biodiversity markets creates a favourable economic climate to achieve these outcomes.

Translocations are being increasingly proposed as a way of conserving biodiversity, particularly in the management of threatened and keystone species, with the aims of maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function under the combined pressures of habitat fragmentation and climate change. Evolutionary genetic considerations should be an important part of translocation strategies, but there is often confusion about concepts and goals. Here, we provide a classification of translocations based on specific genetic goals for both threatened species and ecological restoration, separating targets based on ‘genetic rescue’ of current population fitness from those focused on maintaining adaptive potential. We then provide a framework for assessing the genetic benefits and risks associated with translocations and provide guidelines for managers focused on conserving biodiversity and evolutionary processes. Case studies are developed to illustrate the framework.

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in human health, contributing to digestion, immune regulation, and metabolic processes. While direct colonization by environmental microbes through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact has been documented, evidence suggests that multisensory interactions with nature-via visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory stimuli-also influence the gut microbiome through psychophysiological and immune-mediated pathways. Exposure to natural environments can regulate stress and immune responses, activate the parasympathetic nervous system, and modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gut-brain axes, which in turn may alter gut microbiome composition and function. Furthermore, sensory interactions with nature may induce epigenetic changes that impact immune function and microbiome dynamics over time. Here, we review evidence for nature-based indirect shaping of the human microbiome (including multisensory and exposure-immunoregulation pathways) and suggest that after the early-life critical window of microbiome development (0-3 years), these indirect effects likely have a greater influence on gut microbiome dynamics than direct colonization by environmental microbiota (e.g., ingested directly from the air). However, this concept remains to be comprehensively tested. Therefore, understanding the relative contributions of direct microbial colonization versus indirect effects-such as multisensory stimulation and immune modulation-demands more integrated, transdisciplinary research. Integrating these insights into public health strategies, urban design, and nature-based interventions could promote microbiome eubiosis, ultimately improving human (and non-human animal) well-being in an era of increasing environmental and health challenges.

Education is often reduced to the transmission of knowledge, yet in an era of climate disruption, biodiversity decline, and social injustice and unrest, learners require more than facts and skills. They must develop adaptive capacities that enable them to question, critically analyse, imagine, act, and empathise. One such fundamental capacity is imagination, which, despite its centrality to scientific discovery, is frequently undervalued in science education, particularly in fields considered ‘hard’ sciences. Microbiology offers a compelling context for better cultivating imagination because its study requires learners to visualise invisible worlds, connect them to ecological and human health, and explore how such knowledge might be applied to societal challenges. Here, we discuss the concept of imagination infrastructures—the environments, tools, practices, inner capacities, and symbolic resources that enable collective imagination—as a framework for better embedding imagination into microbiology education and beyond. We illustrate how imagination infrastructures can help democratise learning, expand worldviews, and promote a sense of responsibility, citizenship, and stewardship. Overcoming curricular, cultural, and resource barriers is required. By nurturing imagination as essential infrastructure, education can equip future microbiologists—and citizens more broadly—to navigate uncertainty and co‐create regenerative futures.

Biodiversity is widely linked to human health, however, connections between human health and soil biodiversity in urban environments remain poorly understood. Here, we stress that reductions in urban soil biodiversity elevate risks to human health, but soil biodiversity can improve human health through pathways including suppressing pathogens, remediating soil, shaping a beneficial human microbiome and promoting immune fitness. We argue that targeted enhancement of urban soil biodiversity could support human health, in both outdoor and indoor settings. The potential of enhanced urban soil biodiversity to benefit human health reflects an important yet understudied field of fundamental and applied research.