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"Brenton, Paul"
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What Explains the Low Survival Rate of Developing Country Export Flows?
Successful export growth and diversification require not only entry into new export products and markets but also the survival and growth of export flows. For a cross-country dataset of product-level bilateral export flows, exporting is found to be a perilous activity, especially in low-income countries. Unobserved individual heterogeneity in product-level export flow data prevails even when a wide range of observed country and product characteristics are controlled for. This questions previous studies that used the Cox proportional hazards model to analyze export survival. Following Meyer (1990), a Prentice-Gloeckler (1978) model is estimated, amended with a gamma mixture distribution summarizing unobserved individual heterogeneity. The empirical results confirm the significance of a range of product- as well as country-specific factors in determining the survival of new export flows. Important for policymaking is the finding of the value of learning-by-doing for export survival: experience with exporting the same product to other markets or different products to the same market is found to strongly increase the chance of export survival. A better understanding of such learning effects could substantially improve the effectiveness of export promotion strategies.
Journal Article
Reshaping Global Value Chains in Light of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique event demonstrating the risks associated with global value chains as well as ways in which they are a source of resilience in trade. Efforts to reshore production would make all countries worse off and increase the number of people in extreme poverty.
eBook
Carbon footprints and food systems
This report addresses carbon labeling schemes, a high-profile issue and one that has important economic implications for developing countries. Carbon accounting and labeling instruments are designed to present information on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from supply chains. These instruments have become an important awareness-raising channel for governments, producers, retailers and consumers to bring about the reduction of GHGs. At the same time, they have emerged as a crucial element of supply chain management, trade logistics and, potentially, trade regulations between countries. But the underlying science of GHG emissions is only partially developed. Many of these schemes are based on rudimentary knowledge of GHG emissions and have mainly been designed by industrialized countries. There is a concern that these systems do not accurately reflect production processes in developing countries, and that they may even shift consumer preferences away from developing country exports. The report includes an analysis of current and emerging carbon labeling schemes and an assessment of available data, emissions factors and knowledge gaps of carbon footprinting methodologies. The report also analyzes carbon accounting methodologies for sugar and pineapple products from Zambia and Mauritius according to PAS 2050 guidelines, to illustrate whether these schemes accurately represent the production systems in developing countries. The report concludes with a series of recommendations on how carbon footprint labeling can be made more development-friendly
eBook
Pathways to african export sustainability
African exporters suffer from low survival rates on international markets. They fail more often than others, incurring time and again the setup costs involved in starting new relationships. This high churning is a source of waste, uncertainty, and discouragement. However, this trend is not inevitable. The high infant mortality of African exports is largely explained by Africas low-income business environment and, once properly benchmarked, Africas performance in terms of exporter failure is no outlier. Moreover, African exporters show vigorous entrepreneurship, with high entry rates into new products and markets despite formidable hurdles created by poor infrastructure, landlocked boundaries for some, and limited access to major sea routes for others. African exporters experiment a lot, and they frequently pay the price of failure. What matters for policy is how to ensure that viable ventures survive.Research carried out for this book demonstrates that governments can and should help to reduce the rate of failure of African export ventures through a mixture of improvements in the business environment, as well as well-targeted proactive interventions. The business environment can be made more conducive to sustainable export entrepreneurship through traditional policy prescriptions such as reducing transportation costs, facilitating trade through better technology and workflow in border management, improving the effectiveness of banking regulations to ensure the availability of trade finance, and striving for regulatory simplicity and coherence. In addition, governments can help leverage synergies between exporters. Original research featured in this book shows that African exporters improve each other's chances of survival when a critical mass of them penetrates a given market together. They also benefit from diaspora presence in destination
markets. With adequate donor support and private-sector engagement, export-promotion agencies and technical-assistance programs can help leverage those synergies.
eBook
The Impact of Public Charter School Superintendent Preparation Paths on Student Achievement
The current study was a mixed-method research design that was non-experimental in nature. A questionnaire was used to collect superintendent preparation path data from current Texas public charter school superintendents. Numerical values were assigned to each response allowing the data to be analyzed to determine the level of significance for each predictor. The researcher used a multiple linear regression model as the method of statistical analysis for Research Questions 1, 2, and 3 to determine which preparation path variables correlated with Student Achievement. For Research Questions 4, 5 and 6, a t-test was used to compare the means of each of the independent variables to determine if there was a significant difference between the two means of these variables as they pertained to the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) Domains 1, 2, and 3 component scores. The results of the current study were that socioeconomic status (SES), the percentage of students who qualify for free or reduced school lunch, predicted the STAAR Domain 1: Performance component scores and STAAR Domain 3: Closing the Gaps component scores. The results suggest that public charter schools with low SES have lower STAAR Domain 3 Closing the Gaps scores because SES has a negative effect on STAAR Performance scores and STAAR Closing the Gaps scores. A surprising result from the current study was that public charter school superintendents whose highest degree earned was a master’s degree outperformed public charter school superintendents whose highest degree earned was a doctoral degree. The other surprising results was that charter school preparation paths are not correlated with student achievement. The results of the current study could help charter school boards select effective candidates for their superintendent position. Aspiring public charter school superintendents can benefit from the current study by aligning their superintendent preparation with proven results.
Dissertation
Trade reorientation and recovery in transition economies
How do we define transition and when can we say that transition to a market economy is complete? Here we suggest that one way of addressing this issue is to analyse current economic data and ask whether, in ignorance of the past, we can identify countries in central and eastern Europe as being somehow different from comparable western market economies. In this paper we focus on international trade and argue that several indicators, such as the geographical structure of trade and the undervaluation of the exchange rate, cannot distinguish the more advanced countries in central and eastern Europe. We also seek to explain how the reorientation of trade towards the West has been achieved and, in particular, assess whether improvements on design and quality are a prerequisite for export expansion.
Journal Article
Pathways to African export sustainability
African exporters suffer from low survival rates on international markets. They fail more often than others, incurring time and again the setup costs involved in starting new relationships. This high churning is a source of waste, uncertainty, and discouragement. However, this trend is not inevitable. The high \"infant mortality\" of African exports is largely explained by Africa's low-income business environment and, once properly benchmarked, Africa's performance in terms of exporter failure is no outlier. Moreover, African exporters show vigorous entrepreneurship, with high entry rates into new products and markets despite formidable hurdles created by poor infrastructure, landlocked boundaries for some, and limited access to major sea routes for others. African exporters experiment a lot, and they frequently pay the price of failure. What matters for policy is how to ensure that viable ventures survive. Research carried out for this book demonstrates that governments can and should help to reduce the rate of failure of African export ventures through a mixture of improvements in the business environment, as well as well-targeted proactive interventions. The business environment can be made more conducive to sustainable export entrepreneurship through traditional policy prescriptions such as reducing transportation costs, facilitating trade through better technology and workflow in border management, improving the effectiveness of banking regulations to ensure the availability of trade finance, and striving for regulatory simplicity and coherence. In addition, governments can help leverage synergies between exporters. Original research featured in this book shows that African exporters improve each other's chances of survival when a critical mass of them penetrates a given market together. They also benefit from diaspora presence in destination markets. With adequate donor support and private-sector engagement, export-promotion agencies and technical-assistance programs can help leverage those synergies
Book