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\"More so than any war in history, World War II was a woman's war. Women, motivated by patriotism, the opportunity for new experiences, and the desire to serve, participated widely in the global conflict. Within the Allied countries, women of all ages proved to be invaluable in the fight for victory. Rosie the Riveter became the most enduring image of women's involvement in World War II. What Rosie represented, however, is only a small portion of a complex story. As wartime production workers, enlistees in auxiliary military units, members of voluntary organizations or resistance groups, wives and mothers on the home front, journalists, and USO performers, American women found ways to challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Beyond Rosie offers readers an opportunity to see the numerous contributions women made to the fight against the Axis powers and how American women's roles changed during the war. The primary documents (newspapers, propaganda posters, cartoons, excerpts from oral histories and memoirs, speeches, photographs, and editorials) collected here represent cultural, political, economic, and social perspectives on the diverse roles women played during World War II.\"--Page 4 of cover.

In the textbook view, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) act as coincidence detectors in Hebbian plasticity by fluxing Ca 2+ when simultaneously depolarized and glutamate bound. Hebbian coincidence detection requires that NMDARs be located postsynaptically, but enigmatic presynaptic NMDARs (preNMDARs) also exist. It is known that preNMDARs regulate neurotransmitter release, but precisely how remains poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that NMDARs can also signal non-ionotropically, without the need for Ca 2+ flux. At synapses between developing visual cortex layer-5 (L5) pyramidal cells (PCs), preNMDARs rely on Mg 2+ and Rab3-interacting molecule 1αβ (RIM1αβ) to regulate evoked release during periods of high-frequency firing, but they signal non-ionotropically via c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) to regulate spontaneous release regardless of frequency. At the same synapses, timing-dependent long-term depression (tLTD) depends on preNMDARs but not on frequency. We, therefore, tested in juvenile mouse visual cortex if tLTD relies on non-ionotropic preNMDAR signaling. We found that tLTD at L5 PC→PC synapses was abolished by pre- but not postsynaptic NMDAR deletion, cementing the view that tLTD requires preNMDARs. In agreement with non-ionotropic NMDAR signaling, tLTD prevailed after channel pore blockade with MK-801, unlike tLTP. Homozygous RIM1αβ deletion did not affect tLTD, but wash-in of the JNK2 blocker SP600125 abolished tLTD. Consistent with a presynaptic need for JNK2, a peptide blocking the interaction between JNK2 and Syntaxin-1a (STX1a) abolished tLTD if loaded pre- but not postsynaptically, regardless of frequency. Finally, low-frequency tLTD was not blocked by the channel pore blocker MK-801, nor by 7-CK, a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist at the co-agonist site. We conclude that neocortical L5 PC→PC tLTD relies on non-ionotropic preNMDAR signaling via JNK2/STX1a. Our study brings closure to long-standing controversy surrounding preNMDARs and highlights how the textbook view of NMDARs as ionotropic coincidence detectors in plasticity needs to be reassessed.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is considerably associated with obesity due to increased upper airway tissue deposition, increased upper airway resistance, and reduced airflow. Bariatric surgery is a consideration in those with severe obesity to facilitate weight loss and aid OSA symptoms. However, postoperatively, patients are at an increased risk of developing central apneic events, thereby leading to complex sleep apnea syndrome (CompSAS). The management of CompSAS is nuanced and can involve the utilization of continuous airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), and/or adaptive sero-ventilation (ASV). Overall, the approach to treating CompSAS remains multifaceted, and numerous considerations should be made in terms of managing post-bariatric surgery patients and their sleep-disordered breathing conditions.

Research experience provides critical training for new biomedical research scientists. Students from underrepresented populations studying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are increasingly recruited into research pathways to diversify STEM fields. However, support structures outside of research settings designed to help these students navigate biomedical research pathways are not always available; nor are program support components outside the context of laboratory technical skills training and formal mentorship well understood. This study leveraged a multi-institutional research training program, Enhancing Cross-Disciplinary Infrastructure and Training at Oregon (EXITO), to explore how nine institutions designed a new curricular structure (Enrichment) to meet a common goal of enhancing undergraduate research training and student success. EXITO undergraduates participated in a comprehensive, 3-year research training program with the Enrichment component offered across nine sites: three universities and six community colleges, highly diverse in size, demographics, and location. Sites’ approaches to supporting students in the training program were studied over a 30-month period. All sites independently created their own nonformal curricular structures, implemented interprofessionally via facilitated peer groups. Site data describing design and implementation were thematically coded to identify essential programmatic components across sites, with student feedback used to triangulate findings. Enrichment offered students time to critically reflect on their interests, experiences, and identities in research; network with peers and professionals; and support negotiation of hidden and implicit curricula. Students reported the low-pressure setting and student-centered curriculum balanced the high demands associated with academics and research. Core curricular themes described Enrichment as fostering a sense of community among students, exposing students to career paths and skills, and supporting development of students’ professional identities. The non-formal, interprofessional curricula enabled students to model diverse biomedical identities and pathways for each other while informing institutional structures to improve diverse undergraduate students’ success in academia and research.

In the textbook view, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) act as coincidence detectors in Hebbian plasticity by fluxing Ca 2+ when simultaneously depolarized and glutamate bound. Hebbian coincidence detection requires that NMDARs be located postsynaptically, but enigmatic presynaptic NMDARs (preNMDARs) also exist. It is known that preNMDARs regulate neurotransmitter release, but precisely how remains poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that NMDARs can also signal non-ionotropically, without the need for Ca 2+ flux. At synapses between developing visual cortex layer-5 (L5) pyramidal cells (PCs), preNMDARs rely on Mg 2+ and Rab3-interacting molecule 1αβ (RIM1αβ) to regulate evoked release during periods of high-frequency firing, but they signal non-ionotropically via c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) to regulate spontaneous release regardless of frequency. At the same synapses, timing-dependent long-term depression (tLTD) depends on preNMDARs but not on frequency. We, therefore, tested in juvenile mouse visual cortex if tLTD relies on non-ionotropic preNMDAR signaling. We found that tLTD at L5 PC→PC synapses was abolished by pre- but not postsynaptic NMDAR deletion, cementing the view that tLTD requires preNMDARs. In agreement with non-ionotropic NMDAR signaling, tLTD prevailed after channel pore blockade with MK-801, unlike tLTP. Homozygous RIM1αβ deletion did not affect tLTD, but wash-in of the JNK2 blocker SP600125 abolished tLTD. Consistent with a presynaptic need for JNK2, a peptide blocking the interaction between JNK2 and Syntaxin-1a (STX1a) abolished tLTD if loaded pre- but not postsynaptically, regardless of frequency. Finally, low-frequency tLTD was not blocked by the channel pore blocker MK-801, nor by 7-CK, a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist at the co-agonist site. We conclude that neocortical L5 PC→PC tLTD relies on non-ionotropic preNMDAR signaling via JNK2/STX1a. Our study brings closure to long-standing controversy surrounding preNMDARs and highlights how the textbook view of NMDARs as ionotropic coincidence detectors in plasticity needs to be reassessed.

Criminal justice policies in the United States have led to the highest rates of incarceration among industrialized nations, including the infamous response to American substance use through mass incarceration. Individuals in American prisons are stigmatized not only for their incarceration status, but also for their substance use status. Despite apparent historical and contextual factors that perpetuate cycles of recidivism among this population, individuals are often blamed for both their incarceration and substance use. Both the public and clinicians have perpetuated stigma towards individuals in prison who use substances. In response to this problem, the current study aimed to assess the status of public and clinician perceptions of and attitudes towards individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) in prison. The current study compared differences in perceptions and attitudes between public and clinician groups, as well as differences in pre-post perceptions when both groups were introduced to a brief intervention. The current study adapted the Attitude Toward Prisoners (ATP) scale to incorporate SUDs. The data was then analyzed with a 2 x 2 mixed design ANOVA. The results found that the public sample held a less positive attitude towards individuals with SUDs in prison than the clinician sample did on the premeasure. Both samples held a more positive attitude towards individuals with SUDs in prison after administration of a brief vignette. Although significant differences were not found between individuals who endorsed history of formal training and those who did not, the clinician sample demonstrated both more positive attitudes as well as had more training compared to the public sample. Results of the current study suggest that those who have experience with the population hold a more positive attitude.

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in neuronal communication and are essential mediators of synaptic plasticity mechanisms within the central nervous system. In the traditional view, NMDARs act as coincidence detectors in Hebbian plasticity, fluxing calcium when simultaneously glutamate bound and depolarized to initiate signalling cascades which ultimately result in synaptic modification. Coincidence detection relies on NMDARs situated postsynaptically, yet NMDARs also exist presynaptically (preNMDARs) at select synapse-types, which suggests their contributions to synaptic plasticity and information processing may be distinct. Indeed, preNMDARs regulate the probability of neurotransmitter release, however the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Our lab has recently shown that in L5 pyramidal cells of mouse primary visual cortex, preNMDARs differentially regulate evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release through two presynaptic proteins: RIM1αβ and JNK2, respectively. Here I further explore this dichotomy. As preNMDAR-mediated induction of timing-dependent long-term depression (tLTD) has been shown to be independent of presynaptic firing frequency, I hypothesized that preNMDARs may further rely on JNK2 signalling to regulate tLTD in a similar manner as spontaneous release. Indeed, in patch recordings of L5 pyramidal cell pairs, tLTD was abolished upon JNK2 inhibition; however, tLTD in RIM1αβ knock out was indistinguishable from control. In sum, tLTD requires preNMDAR-mediated JNK2 signalling in a manner independent of RIM1αβ. This finding elucidates the criteria by which preNMDARs may select competing signalling pathways; preNMDARs appear to form a dual-pass filter, capable of regulating neurotransmitter release through independent mechanisms depending on presynaptic frequency requirements. As preNMDARs operate in a non-ionotropic manner during JNK-mediated regulation of spontaneous release, tLTD may similarly require this mode of unconventional NMDAR signalling

More so than any war in history, World War II was a woman's war. Women, motivated by patriotism, the opportunity for new experiences, and the desire to serve, participated widely in the global conflict. Within the Allied countries, women of all ages proved to be invaluable in the fight for victory. Rosie the Riveter became the most enduring image of women's involvement in World War II. What Rosie represented, however, is only a small portion of a complex story. As wartime production workers, enlistees in auxiliary military units, members of voluntary organizations or resistance groups, wives and mothers on the home front, journalists, and USO performers, American women found ways to challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes.Beyond Rosieoffers readers an opportunity to see the numerous contributions they made to the fight against the Axis powers and how American women's roles changed during the war. The primary documents (newspapers, propaganda posters, cartoons, excerpts from oral histories and memoirs, speeches, photographs, and editorials) collected here represent cultural, political, economic, and social perspectives on the diverse roles women played during World War II.

Throughout the nation and in the state of Texas, English language learners' academic achievements fall below their non-English language learner peers (U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, & National Assessment of Educational Programs, 2013; Texas Education Agency [TEA], 2014d). Literacy coaches are often used to increase teacher capacity through a collaborative process. This dissertation explores the perceptions of literacy coaches on what knowledge base they need to effectively support teachers of English language learners, as well as the patterns that emerge from their perceptions. Data collected through 10 individual interviews and a focus group session was used to examine the perceptions of the coaches and determine future steps for improving coaching methods in serving teachers of culturally and linguistically diverse students. KEY WORDS: Literacy coach, Instructional coaching, English language learners, ELLs, Sam Houston State University, Graduate school, Texas

In the period from the eighteenth into the nineteenth centuries, the British expanded from an island nation with a handful of colonial territories and a number of overseas trading enclaves to an empire with massive territorial property and a significant global reach. While the colonies in parts of the New World eventually broke away from England, imperial expansion into the East continued. Under the purview of organizations such as British East India Company, much of the Indian sub-continent and parts of Asia came under imperial domination. Unlike those who settled in America, these imperial administrators and merchants maintained close ties to Britain, choosing return over settlement. This dissertation considers the significance of representations of those returns from the late eighteenth through the nineteenth centuries, arguing that writers of this period trope return as a means to draw attention to and understand the changes in the imperial metropole resulting from the expansion of the empire. These narratives employ the figure of the returnee metonymically, as a symbol of empire, to interrogate the construction of imperial identity, and to consider the social, political, or economic consequences of return on the metropole. This dissertation moves through the trajectory of the growth of the empire in the eighteenth century through the height of its power in the late nineteenth century. Texts covered in this study include Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Samuel Foote's The Nabob, Brontë's Jane Eyre , Kipling's \"Baa Baa Black Sheep\", and Burnett's The Secret Garden. Querying the impact of empire on nation and nationalism, this dissertation examines where England locates itself globally, negotiating between its desire for Englishness and localism and its sense of its place as a cosmopolitan player on the world stage. This work argues that return complicates the process of the imagination of nation as community and posits what imagining beyond the nation to empire and the world looks like from the point of view of return.