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With the emergence and rapid dissemination of Zika virus, efforts to protect the U.S. blood supply were developed on both the diagnostic-test and implementation fronts. Over a 15-month period in 2016 and 2017, the results of testing more than 4 million donations were assessed.

In 2003 and 2004, routine testing of blood donations for West Nile virus RNA in the United States led to the identification of 540 positive donations, of which 67 percent were IgM-negative and most likely to be infectious. The rates of positive donations decreased from 1.49 per 10,000 in 2003 to 0.44 per 10,000 in 2004. In 2003 and 2004, routine testing of blood donations for West Nile virus RNA in the United States led to the identification of 540 positive donations, of which 67 percent were IgM-negative and most likely to be infectious. Although West Nile virus was first isolated in 1937 from a patient in Uganda, 1 it was not seen in the Western Hemisphere until 1999, when 62 cases of West Nile virus encephalitis were reported. 2 , 3 Biggerstaff and Petersen estimated that, during the peak of the 1999 outbreak in Queens, New York, the maximal and mean risks of transmission of West Nile virus by blood transfusion were 2.7 and 1.8 per 10,000 units, respectively. 4 In September 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that three of four recipients of transplanted organs from a single donor had acquired meningoencephalitis . . .