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"Broich, John"
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As people crowded into British cities in the nineteenth century, industrial and biological waste byproducts and then epidemic followed. Britons died by the thousands in recurring plagues. Figures like Edwin Chadwick and John Snow pleaded for measures that could save lives and preserve the social fabric.
The solution that prevailed was the novel idea that British towns must build public water supplies, replacing private companies. But the idea was not an obvious or inevitable one. Those who promoted new waterworks argued that they could use water to realize a new kind of British society-a productive social machine, a new moral community, and a modern civilization. They did not merely cite the dangers of epidemic or scarcity. Despite many debates and conflicts, this vision won out-in town after town, from Birmingham to Liverpool to Edinburgh, authorities gained new powers to execute municipal water systems.
But in London local government responded to environmental pressures with a plan intended to help remake the metropolis into a collectivist society. The Conservative national government, in turn, sought to impose a water administration over the region that would achieve its own competing political and social goals. The contestants over London's water supply matched divergent strategies for administering London's water with contending visions of modern society. And the matter was never pedestrian. The struggle over these visions was joined by some of the most colorful figures of the late Victorian period, including John Burns, Lord Salisbury, Bernard Shaw, and Sidney and Beatrice Webb.
As Broich demonstrates, the debate over how to supply London with water came to a head when the climate itself forced the endgame near the end of the nineteenth century. At that decisive moment, the Conservative party succeeded in dictating the relationship between water, power, and society in London for many decades to come.
eBook
British Water Policy in Mandate Palestine: Environmental Orientalism and Social Transformation
During the period of the British Mandate in Palestine, British water policies combined with Zionist groups' settlement and 'development' activities to drastically change the waterscape in the region. The changing water conditions had dire consequences for rural Arabs' ability to carry
on farming, support livestock, and undertake water-dependent industries. The roots of British water policy lay in part in conceptions of the so-called Arab 'race'. An instance of 'environmental Orientalism', this case offers an opportunity to examine links between racial conceptions and environmental
changes that had lasting influence on landscapes and peoples.
Journal Article
London
As people crowded into British cities in the nineteenth century, industrial and biological waste byproducts and then epidemic followed them. Britons died by the thousands in recurring plagues. Figures like Edwin Chadwick and John Snow pleaded for measures that could save lives and preserve the social fabric.
The solution that prevailed was the novel idea that British towns must build public water supplies, replacing private companies. But the idea was not an obvious or inevitable one. Those who promoted new waterworks argued that they could use water to realize a new kind of British society—a productive social machine, a new moral community, and a modern civilization. They did not merely cite the dangers of epidemic or scarcity. Despite many debates and conflicts, this vision won out—in town after town, from Birmingham to Liverpool to Edinburgh, authorities gained new powers to execute municipal water systems.
But in London local government responded to environmental pressures with a plan intended to help remake the metropolis into a collectivist society. The Conservative national government, in turn, sought to impose a water administration over the region that would achieve its own competing political and social goals. The contestants over London's water supply matched divergent strategies for administering London's water with contending visions of modern society. And the matter was never pedestrian. The struggle over these visions was joined by some of the most colorful figures of the late Victorian period, including John Burns, Lord Salisbury, Bernard Shaw, and Sidney and Beatrice Webb.
As Broich demonstrates, the debate over how to supply London with water came to a head when the climate itself forced the endgame near the end of the nineteenth century. At that decisive moment, the Conservative party succeeded in dictating the relationship between water, power, and society in London for many decades to come.
eBook
Colonizing the Thames
According to the plan, the river's level would rise to its historical high-water mark above the dam, really a barrage. Colonial influence happened through performances, representations, disciplines, subtle limits to traditional ways of life, and through the creation of social spaces that encouraged certain behaviors while inhibiting others.7 Among these transformations, technologies, especially those for controlling and distributing water, were particularly powerful in influencing non-European societies.\\nS., Europe, and India all in the same breath; they believed that not only was water water and soil soil the world over, but that social and economic outcomes from water projects would be the same the world over.99 Colonial water engineers, therefore, had no reason to doubt that the application of their river control experience in London would result in technical success, economic efficiency, and social change.
Journal Article
Great Expectations
“The present arrangements of water supply are defective in ‘plenty, purity, pressure, and price,’” wrote one commentator regarding London in 1849.¹ Another added, “We ought, by this time, to have learned that the very foundation of moral training in a London tenement is a pipe of wholesome water from the top to the bottom of the house.”² For London’s would-be reformers, just as it was for the campaigners of Glasgow, Manchester, and Liverpool, social reform was synonymous with urban environmental reform. In the same years in which Glaswegians stood in long lines to draw water from a scattering of pumps
Book Chapter
From Engineering Modernization to Engineering Collectivization
No society exists outside of nature, and nature is rarely beyond social influence. This relationship is most prominent in the city. In the city, humans rearrange nature—the face of the landscape, bodies of water, vegetation—for the purpose of facilitating productivity and supporting a large collection of humans. Urban inhabitants tend to think that in cities they are more free from the forces of nature than are their counterparts in the countryside, but that is largely illusory thinking. It is more the case that their exposure to the moods of nature is hidden behind a veil of the managed
Book Chapter
An Alternative Vision of the Modern City, an Alternative Government of Water
From the mid-1890s into the new century, the Salisbury government clearly understood that to control the flow of water was to control the flow of power. In their dealings with the London County Council’s attempts to take over water service in the capital, the Conservatives who controlled Britain’s government proved themselves deft practitioners of the craft of water politics. They obstructed the LCC’s bills seeking power to purchase London’s water companies, they opposed the council’s Welsh scheme that would have served the LCC’s vision, and they supported the rival Staines scheme that facilitated private water control. For the last decade
Book Chapter