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As the phylogenetic organization of mammalian polyomaviruses is complex and currently incompletely resolved, we aimed at a deeper insight into their evolution by identifying polyomaviruses in host orders and families that have either rarely or not been studied. Sixteen unknown and two known polyomaviruses were identified in animals that belong to 5 orders, 16 genera, and 16 species. From 11 novel polyomaviruses, full genomes could be determined. Splice sites were predicted for large and small T antigen (LTAg, STAg) coding sequences (CDS) and examined experimentally in transfected cell culture. In addition, splice sites of seven published polyomaviruses were analyzed. Based on these data, LTAg and STAg annotations were corrected for 10/86 and 74/86 published polyomaviruses, respectively. For 25 polyomaviruses, a spliced middle T CDS was observed or predicted. Splice sites that likely indicate expression of additional, alternative T antigens, were experimentally detected for six polyomaviruses. In contrast to all other mammalian polyomaviruses, three closely related cetartiodactyl polyomaviruses display two introns within their LTAg CDS. In addition, the VP2 of Glis glis (edible dormouse) polyomavirus 1 was observed to be encoded by a spliced transcript, a unique experimental finding within the Polyomaviridae family. Co-phylogenetic analyses based on LTAg CDS revealed a measurable signal of codivergence when considering all mammalian polyomaviruses, most likely driven by relatively recent codivergence events. Lineage duplication was the only other process whose influence on polyomavirus evolution was unambiguous. Finally, our analyses suggest that an update of the taxonomy of the family is required, including the creation of novel genera of mammalian and non-mammalian polyomaviruses.

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) promise to deliver next‐generation electronic and energy devices that are flexible, scalable and printable. Unfortunately, realizing this opportunity is hampered by increasing concerns about the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly toxic halogenated solvents that are detrimental to the environment and human health. Here, a cradle‐to‐grave process is reported to achieve high performance p‐ and n‐type OSC devices based on indacenodithiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole semiconducting polymers that utilizes aqueous‐processes, fewer steps, lower reaction temperatures, a significant reduction in VOCs (>99%) and avoids all halogenated solvents. The process involves an aqueous mini‐emulsion polymerization that generates a surfactant‐stabilized aqueous dispersion of OSC nanoparticles at sufficient concentration to permit direct aqueous processing into thin films for use in organic field‐effect transistors. Promisingly, the performance of these devices is comparable to those prepared using conventional synthesis and processing procedures optimized for large amounts of VOCs and halogenated solvents. Ultimately, the holistic approach reported addresses the environmental issues and enables a viable guideline for the delivery of future OSC devices using only aqueous media for synthesis, purification and thin‐film processing. An environmentally benign cradle‐to‐grave process from synthesis‐to‐device is demonstrated for high performance organic field‐effect transistors. This holistic approach uses aqueous processes from mini‐emulsion polymerization to purification and thin‐film deposition. Compared to conventional approaches, the process requires fewer steps, lower reaction temperatures, a significant reduction in the use of volatile organic compounds and avoids toxic halogenated solvents.

Conjugated polymer nanoparticles can be successfully prepared by conventional C-C cross couplings (e.g Suzuki-Miyaura, Stille etc.) in aqueous emulsion and miniemulsions.This thesis investigates the preparation of these conjugated polymer nanoparticle dispersions by novel C-C cross couplings utilising C(sp2 )-H bonds. This direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) approach enables a more atom efficient preparation of semiconducting polymers in fewer synthesis steps. Judicious reaction parameter screening facilitated the formation of stable nanoparticle dispersions in the sub-micron regime with particle size dispersities (PDI) < 0.30 by increasing the hexadecane concentration. A comprehensive understanding of the influence of the reaction parameters on the molecular weight of the polymer prepared by this in-situ miniemulsion polymerisation technique was developed. Polymer molecular weights of Mn ≥ 10 kg mol-1were controlled reproducibly by adjusting the pivalic acid and potassium carbonate concentration.The microstructure of the polymers in these nanoparticle dispersions have been analysed and the identity of any polymer backbone defects investigated. DArP is known to introduce homo coupling defects into the polymer backbone that are less prevalent in polymers prepared by more conventional C-C coupling methods.Hence, different analytical methods such as mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and NMR techniques (1H, 13C, 19F and 2D experiments) were employed to identify and quantify the defects.As a proof of principle for the applicability of the prepared dispersions, organic field effect transistors were fabricated using the aqueous dispersions. Comparison between the holistic synthesis to device fabrication in water presents a greener and scalable process for the printing of electronic devices with measured electron mobilities of μe = 0.05 cm2 V -1 s -1for PDPPF4.

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of a novel 3D-printed cooling system for drilling templates during fully guided implant insertion. Methods Dental implant tunnel preparations were performed for the Straumann Bone Level implant in a 3D-printed synthetic resin model using either conventional guided or modified 3D-printed guided (with a cooling channel leading directly to the implantation site) drilling templates. Temperature measurements were performed with and without cooling at drill depths of 2, 4, 7, and 10 mm. Results For all drill depths and templates, cooling had a statistically significant (p < 0.001) influence on the measured mean temperature. ANOVA and Bonferroni correction revealed that there was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference in the cooling efficiency of the samples cooled with all the templates in comparison with that of the samples not cooled. The maximum temperature measured with the conventional template was 35.2° without cooling and 26.6 °C with cooling at depths of 2 and 10 mm, respectively. For the modified template, the maximum temperature reached 39.1 °C without cooling and 31.2 °C with cooling at depths of 10 and 2 mm, respectively. Conclusions Compared with the conventional cooling system, the newly developed internal cooling channel of the modified drill template did not lead to a better cooling effect. Graphical Abstract