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\"Helping Children Cope with Trauma bridges theory and practice in examining emerging approaches to enhancing resilience and treating traumatised children. Adopting a child-centred perspective, it highlights the importance of the synergy between individual, family, community and social interventions for recovery from post-traumatic stress.Consisting of chapters by an international range of contributors, the book is presented in three sections, reflecting the ecological circles of support that facilitate healthy development in the face of traumatic circumstances. Section 1, Individual, addresses the impact of exposure to trauma and loss on post-traumatic adaptation, focusing on biological aspects, attachment patterns, emotion regulation and aggressive behaviour in children. Section 2, Family, looks at the concept of family resilience, the impact of trauma on playfulness in toddlers and parents, innovative models for working with children traumatised by war, domestic violence and poverty and describes the challenges faced by refugee families in the light of intergenerational transmission of trauma. Section 3, Community, broadly explores the concept of community resilience and preparedness, the centrality of the school in the community during times of war and conflict, post-traumatic distress and resilience in diverse cultural contexts and the impact of trauma work on mental health professionals who live and work in shared traumatic realities. The book concludes with a theoretical discussion of the concept of Survival Mode as an organisng principle for understanding post-traumatic phenomena. Helping Children Cope with Trauma will provide mental health professionals, child welfare workers, educators, child development experts and researchers with a thorough understanding of the needs of children after trauma and how those needs may best be met\"-- Provided by publisher.

Converting road verges and Public Open Space (POS) to floral-rich resources is an important strategy for supporting populations of urban pollinators. One of the ways this can be achieved is through adjusting mowing schedules, either with a “delayed start” after the end of winter, or a reduction in mowing frequency. In Mediterranean climate ecosystems with mild, wet winters, plant growth continues through the winter season and the definition of a “delayed start” is unclear. This study sought to identify a strategic period for the suspension of mowing activities in a city in South Africa with a Mediterranean climate. It estimated the duration of the flowering to seed-broadcast season of 20 species of native geophytes. Observations were made of phenological status from bud to seed broadcast in ten city parks in Cape Town during the austral spring flowering seasons of 2019 and 2020 (August – December). The Underhill and Zucchini (1988) Moult Model was employed to estimate the duration of the flowering season. Model results showed that mowing should stop in the second week of August and should not resume until the beginning of November in the study context. The results are discussed against the relative biodiversity contribution that different parks and verges make and the potential conflicts with the utility objectives of urban society.

Background The Holocaust was one of the most traumatic catastrophes in recorded human history. Survivors seeking psychotherapeutic help today, now in their seventies and older, often show symptoms of a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, or prolonged grief disorder. Established psychological treatments for PTSD (e.g. cognitive behaviour therapy, psychodynamic therapies) have been tested and assessed mainly with young and middle-aged adults; only very few studies examined them in old age. There is no therapy outcome study known to us for any treatment mode for Holocaust survivors. Moreover, there is a need for an age group-specific treatment of PTSD and other stress-related mental disorders. A narrative approach including life-review and narrative exposure seems to meet very well the natural need of older people to review their lives and is highly effective. However, most studies on the efficacy of life review therapy (LRT) focus on late-life depression. There is a lack of efficacy studies evaluating the effect of LRT on PTSD symptoms in older individuals that have experienced traumatic events. Methods The main goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of LRT for Holocaust survivors (LRT-HS) on symptoms of PTSD and related mental health problems (depression, anxiety, prolonged grief), compared to a supportive control group. A secondary goal is to identify the characteristics of participants that seem to especially benefit from the treatment. The proposed study is a randomised, controlled follow-up trial including Holocaust survivors with one or more trauma-related disorders. The LRT treatment consists of 20–25 sessions. Before and after the treatment phase, participants in both conditions will be assessed. Follow-up will take place 6 months after the treatment. A sample size of 80 is required (drop-out rate included). Discussion Efficacious treatments for trauma-related disorders in older people are of high importance, also because the probability of traumatisation and loss increases with age. Because this study is conducted with this specific group of multiply traumatised people, we are convinced that the results can easily transfer to other samples. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN12823306 . Registered 31 March 2018 – Retrospectively registered (first participant 22 December 2017).

Learn intervention strategies to counter the effects of terrorism In the twenty-first century, terrorism has become an international scourge whose effect devastates individuals, weakens societies, and cripples nations. The Trauma of Terrorism: Sharing Knowledge and Shared Care, An International Handbook and Shared Care provides a comprehensive, penetrating look at the effects of terrorism, at the prevention and treatment of immediate and long-term sequelae, at preparedness for terrorism, and at the range of individual, community, and national responses. International authorities discuss the latest knowledge and research about terror, its root causes, and its psychological impact on individuals, families, societies, and nations, as well as the societal and political responses and services that may help lessen its impact. The Trauma of Terrorism: Sharing Knowledge and Shared Care, An International Handbook analyzes the full scope of terrorism. This compendium explores numerous issues in detail, such as the nature and psychology of terrorism, how to foster a community's capacity for resilience, the psychosocial consequences of terrorism in children and adults, the centrality of traumatic grief, the need for multicultural understanding in services and treatment, interventions for children and adolescents, training programs for mental health professionals, and proactive community organization in the face of terrorism. Treatment options and services are thoroughly explored and their effectiveness evaluated. Chapters are international in scope, well-referenced, and geared to provide thoroughly reasoned recommendations to lessen the effects of terrorism. Original witness voices from survivors and professionals worldwide give depth to the scientific character of the book. Helpful tables and graphs clearly illustrate data and ideas. The Trauma of Terrorism: Sharing Knowledge and Shared Care, An International Handbook presents in-depth examinations of: The Origins of Terrorism in Modern Society the origin and nature of terrorism terrorism as a strategy of psychological warfare the content and form of terrorism propaganda tactical and strategic terrorism the motivations of suicide bombers The Psychological Consequences of Terrorism the psychological impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks the PTSD effects of watching terrorist attacks on television the effects of acute stress symptoms on the general population after a national trauma somatization and bioterrorism the short- and long-term effects of terrorism on an individual the importance of measuring grief in the context of terrorism the psychological burden of bioterrorism the psychological impact of terrorism on children and families post-traumatic distress in adolescents with exposure to ongoing terrorism The Impact of Terrorism on Individuals, Groups, and Society terrorism's toll on civil liberties media-oriented terrorism media guidelines for helping reduce individual and national traumatic reactivity to terrorism culture-sensitive interventions in the treatment of terrorism the effects of terrorism on refugees Psychological First Aid, Acute and Long-Term Treatment Following Terrorist Attacks mental health interventions in hospitals following terrorist attacks treating survivors in an ongoing terrorist situation the treatment of children impacted by the World Trade Center attack traumatic bereavement, and its link to terrorism School- and Community-Based Interventions in the Face of Terrorist Attacks the “Building Resilience” Project-school-based interventions for children community-based interventions like “Project Liberty” and About the Contributors Acknowledgments FOREWORD Terrorism: The United Nations and the Search for Shared Solutions (David Malone) INTRODUCTION The Trauma of Terrorism: Contextual Considerations (Yael Danieli, Danny Brom, and Joe Sills) SECTION I: THE ORIGINS OF TERRORISM IN MODERN SOCIETY The Origins and Nature of Terrorism: Foundations and Issues (Anthony J. Marsella and Fathali M. Moghaddam) Terrorism as a Strategy of Psychological Warfare (Boaz Ganor) Tales from the Underground (Gerald Cromer) Aum Shinrikyo: The Threshold Crossed (Robert Jay Lifton) Voice: Murdered Twin Buddhas and Annihilated Twin Towers: Traumatized Civilization (Hirad Abtahi) Tactical and Strategic Terrorism (Giandomenico Picco) Voice: Do They Kill for Their Mothers? (Joyce M. Davis) Voice: Palestinian Voices Voice: Remembrance Day/Independence Day (Martin Herskovitz) Voice: Terrorism Poem SECTION II: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF TERRORISM Adults in the United States Voice: Grounded on Sept. 11 (David Handschuh) Psychological Impact of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Summary of Empirical Findings in Adults (William E. Schlenger) Television Watching and Mental Health in the General Population of New York City After September 11 (Jennifer Ahern, Sandro Galea, Heidi Resnick, and David Vlahov) Voice: Too Close to Ever Forget (Adam Lisberg) Exploring the Myths of Coping with a National Trauma: A Longitudinal Study of Responses to the September 11th Terrorist Attacks (Roxane Cohen Silver, Michael Poulin, E. Alison Holman, Daniel N. McIntosh, Virginia Gil-Rivas, and Judith Pizarro) Somatization and Terrorism (Carol S. North) FINDINGS FROM AROUND THE WORLD Short- and Long-Term Effects of Terrorist Attacks in Spain (Enrique Baca, Enrique Baca-García, María Mercedes Pérez-Rodríguez, and Maria Luisa Cabanas) Voice: Spain: The ETA Enigma (Al Goodman) Northern Ireland: The Psychological Impact of “The Troubles” (Andrea Campbell, Ed Cairns, and John Mallett) Voice: Brave Little Man (Tony Maddox) Voice: “So What Is It Like Now That Your Country Is Run by a Terrorist?” (Brandon Hamber) The Long-Term Effects of Terrorism in France (Louis Jehel and Alain Brunet) Psychological Effects of Terrorist Attacks in Algeria (Noureddine Khaled) Voice: Nadia, a Victim/Survivor of a Terrorist Massacre of Her Family in Algeria (Noureddine Khaled) Short- and Long-Term Effects on the Victims of Terror in Sri Lanka (Daya Somasundaram) Voice: Sri Lanka: The Destruction of South Asia's Most Developed Society (Barbara Crossette) Observations on the Impact on Kenyans of the August 7, 1998 Bombing of the United States Embassy in Nairobi (Samuel B. Thielman) Voice: We Are Asked to Do Anything and Everything Except Be Victims (Lee Ann Ross) Terror and Trauma in Bali: Australia's Mental Health Disaster Response (Beverley Raphael, Julie Dunsmore, and Sally Wooding) Voice: Memories of Bali (Alan Atkinson) Voice: A Baptism of Fire in Bali (Bill McNeil) International Findings on the Impact of Terrorism (Brian Engdahl) Traumatic Loss, Complicated Grief, and Terrorism (Ilona L. Pivar and Holly G. Prigerson) Voice: Theo Was on Pan Am 103 (Susan Cohen and Daniel Cohen) Voice: When You Are Alone, It Is Different (Conny Mus) The Psychological Burden of Bioterrorism (Molly J. Hall, Ann E. Norwood, Carol S. Fullerton, Robert Gifford, and Robert J. Ursano) CHILDREN Psychological Impact of Terrorism on Children and Families in the United States (Betty J.

Background There is growing interest in school-based interventions for building resilience in children facing trauma and adversity. Recent studies focus on teacher training as an effective way to enhance resilience in their students, and emphasize the need for additional evidence-based practice. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a short-term resilience-building teacher intervention on reducing post-traumatic distress in students in the context of exposure to recurrent rocket attacks in Israel. Methods A quasi-experimental, cluster randomized design employing intervention and wait-list control groups was implemented with students from grades four-six (N = 563) in four schools in Acre in the aftermath of the Second Lebanon War. We assessed the students’ trauma exposure, posttraumatic symptoms and anxiety before and after the intervention or the wait-list condition. Results There was a significantly ( p  < 0.001) greater decrease of posttraumatic symptoms and anxiety levels among the students whose teachers participated in the intervention group as compared to students whose teachers were in the wait-list control group. A multiple regression model showed that this greater decrease in posttraumatic symptoms and anxiety levels was statistically significant after controlling for demographic variables, trauma exposure and past trauma history. Conclusion The results of this study show that the training of teachers alone in building resilience can effectively lower post-traumatic distress and anxiety in their students. The empowerment of teachers and by building upon their expertise and experience are crucial for creating sustainability in school-based interventions.

Hallucinations that occur predominantly at night are reported in 122 out of a sample of 3 02 ultra-orthodox Jewish Israeli men referred for psychiatric evaluation. Demographic data and the content of a semistructured interview in 302 ultra-orthodox Jewish young men seen over a 10-year period in Jerusalem were evaluated retrospectively by two researchers. Of the 302 subjects, 122 reported hallucinations predominantly at night, 23 reported hallucinations with no diurnal variation, and 157 did not report hallucinations. Most of those with nocturnal hallucinations were in their late teens, were seen only once or twice, were brought in order to receive an evaluation letter for the Army, and had a reported history of serious learning difficulties. The nocturnal hallucinatory experiences were pre-dominantly visual, and the images were frightening figures from daily life or from folklore. Many of the subjects were withdrawn, monosyllabic, reluctant interviewees. Ultra-orthodox Jewish beliefs include a belief in demons, particularly of dead souls, who visit at night. This cultural group's value on study at Yeshivas away from home places significant pressure on teenage boys with mild or definite subnormality, possibly precipitating the phenomenon at this age in this sex. Although malingering had to be considered as a possible explanation in many cases owing to the circumstances of the evaluation, short-term and long-term follow-up on a limited sample allowed this explanation to be dismissed in a significant number of cases. We suggest therefore that nocturnal hallucinations are a culture-specific phenomenon.

Holocaust survivors who were children during WW II have now reached the age of 52 to 67. Until about 10 years ago their voices were barely heard in society. Their successful adaptation to life may have contributed to this invisibility. However, reaching this stage of life, which is associated with the need to review life and with the crises of retirement and renewed losses, has activated the survivors to deal with their childhood. The impossibility of avoiding traumatic memories and an urge to deal with them have also contributed to the societal process of the survivors organizing and speaking out. Very little is known about this group with regard to their mental health status and the way they cope with their childhood memories. The present controlled double-blind study uses a randomized nonclinical sample and focuses on the level of psychosocial and post-traumatic symptoms, on achievement motivation, and on the way child survivors perceive the surrounding world. The results indicate a slightly higher level of psychosocial symptoms in the child survivors group (CS) than in the control group, a high level of post-traumatic symptomatology, and achievement motivation based mainly on the fear of failure. Surprisingly, the child survivors group shows a pattern of more positive views of the world than does the control group. This can be understood as a greater need to compensate for the lack of security suffered in childhood by creating a meaningful world in a chaotic reality.

The effects of the Holocaust on the offspring of survivors have remained unclear in discussions between clinicians, clinical researchers and empirical researchers. The authors report on a controlled double-blind study designed to test these effects using the sensitivity of clinicians to intrapsychic constellations and processes. The all female sample was randomly selected from several Jerusalem neighborhoods. The index subjects (n = 31), born between 1946 and 1960, had at least one parent (mother) who suffered persecution at the hands of the Nazi regime during WWII. The controls (N = 31), matched for age, educational status and birth order, were born to parents who had not lived under the occupation of the Nazi regime and had not suffered losses of close relatives in WWII. In-depth double-blind interviews, conducted by experienced psychodynamic psychotherapists, focused on personality characteristics without questioning individual development. The only measure used was a 48-item questionnaire completed by the therapists at the end of the interview. The study showed that daughters of Holocaust survivors are characterized by more problems in the realm of separation individuation issues. It also confirmed previous findings that the offspring of Holocaust survivors do not show more psychopathology than the general population.