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"Brown, Leslie H"
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For Whom the Mind Wanders, and When: An Experience-Sampling Study of Working Memory and Executive Control in Daily Life
An experience-sampling study of 124 under-graduates, pretested on complex memory-span tasks, examined the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and the experience of mind wandering in daily life. Over 7 days, personal digital assistants signaled subjects eight times daily to report immediately whether their thoughts had wandered from their current activity, and to describe their psychological and physical context. WMC moderated the relation between mind wandering and activities' cognitive demand. During challenging activities requiring concentration and effort, higher-WMC subjects maintained on-task thoughts better, and mind-wandered less, than did lower-WMC subjects. The results were therefore consistent with theories of WMC emphasizing the role of executive attention and control processes in determining individual differences and their cognitive consequences.
Journal Article
The Relationship of Social Anxiety and Social Anhedonia to Psychometrically Identified Schizotypy
Schizotypy and schizophrenia involve social disinterest (anhedonia) and social anxiety. To clarify the role of social dysfunction in schizotypy, this study examined the relationship of social anxiety and social anhedonia in 364 young adults. As hypothesized, there was a moderate association between these constructs, which diminished after partialing out positive schizotypy. A series of CFAs found that a three-factor solution with positive schizotypy, negative schizotypy, and social anxiety factors provided the best fit for the data. Social anxiety is more strongly associated with positive schizotypy than negative schizotypy. A model in which social anxiety and anhedonia formed a general social dysfunction factor did not provide adequate fit, suggesting that social anhedonia and social anxiety are separate constructs with different relationships to schizotypy. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
When the Need to Belong Goes Wrong: The Expression of Social Anhedonia and Social Anxiety in Daily Life
People possess an innate need to belong that drives social interactions. Aberrations in the need to belong, such as social anhedonia and social anxiety, provide a point of entry for examining this need. The current study used experience-sampling methodology to explore deviations in the need to belong in the daily lives of 245 undergraduates. Eight times daily for a week, personal digital assistants signaled subjects to complete questionnaires regarding affect, thoughts, and behaviors. As predicted, higher levels of social anhedonia were associated with increased time alone, greater preference for solitude, and lower positive affect. Higher social anxiety, in contrast, was associated with higher negative affect and was not associated with increased time alone. Furthermore, greater social anxiety was associated with greater self-consciousness and preference to be alone while interacting with unfamiliar people. Thus, deviations in the need to belong affect social functioning differently depending on whether this need is absent or thwarted.
Journal Article
Looking for bipolar spectrum psychopathology: identification and expression in daily life
Current clinical and epidemiological research provides support for a continuum of bipolar psychopathology: a bipolar spectrum that ranges from subclinical manifestations to full-blown bipolar disorders. Examining subthreshold bipolar symptoms may identify individuals at risk for clinical disorders, promote early interventions and monitoring, and increase the likelihood of appropriate treatment. The present studies examined the construct validity of bipolar spectrum psychopathology using the Hypomanic Personality Scale.
Study 1 used interview and questionnaire measures of bipolar spectrum psychopathology in a sample of 145 nonclinically ascertained young adults. Study 2 assessed the expression of the bipolar spectrum in daily life using experience sampling methodology in the same sample.
In study 1, Hypomanic Personality Scale scores were positively associated with clinical bipolar disorders, bipolar spectrum disorders, the presence of hypomania or hyperthymia, depressive symptoms, poor psychosocial functioning, cyclothymia, irritability, and symptoms of borderline personality disorder. In study 2, bipolar spectrum psychopathology was associated with negative affect, thought disturbance, risky behavior, and measures of grandiosity. These findings remained independent of clinical bipolar disorders.
In the present studies, bipolar-like disruptions in cognition, affect, and behavior were not limited to clinical diagnoses or mood episodes, providing further validation of the bipolar spectrum construct. The bipolar spectrum model appears to provide a conceptually richer basis for understanding and ultimately treating bipolar psychopathology than current diagnostic formulations.
Journal Article
Effects of Non-pharmacological Hypertension Interventions on Health Behavior, Blood Pressure and Weight for Outpatient Clinic Adults: A DNP Project
For patients diagnosed with hypertension, the first line treatment included lifestyle modification. Prior to starting any medication, weight loss, increased activity, alcohol moderation and healthy diet changes were shown to have a positive effect on lowering blood pressure. This DNP project was designed to determine the impact of these non-pharmacologic interventions. This DNP Project instructed patients in a Federally Qualified Health Center on important lifestyle modifications to reach blood pressure goals, maintaining healthy weight and achieving healthy behaviors. These measures were recommended by the American Heart Association. Health coaching was used to reinforce teaching. Medication adherence was assessed using the Krousel Wood 4. Healthy behaviors were measured using the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. After three months, patients returned to the clinic and had their weight and blood pressure remeasured. Both surveys were also repeated. Blood pressure and overall healthy behaviors improved. Medication adherence scores and weights did not improve. The Nutrition subscale within the HPLP II was the only statistically significant finding. As a result of this DNP Project more nurse led programs aimed at reducing blood pressure have become available at the related clinics.
Dissertation
Organizations for the 21st Century? Co-operatives and \New\ Forms of Organization
This paper discusses calls for \"new\" forms of organization coming from the literature on sustainable community development and the contemporary organizational literature. There is significant overlap in the forms of organization being advocated, despite important differences in the premises and logic used in promoting particular organizational characteristics. Co-operative organizational forms are shown to provide models of the \"new\" forms of organization appropriate for the contemporary economy and for community economic development. Co-operatives also offer a mechanism for introducing democratic values and processes into the international economy, an alternative to globalization à la multinational corporation. /// Dans cette communication, nous examinerons les appels à de \"nouveaux\" systèmes d'organisation dont il est question dans les publications professionnelles sur le développement communautaire durable et dans les journaux contemporains traitant des systèmes d'organisation. Les divers systèmes d'organisation préconisés ont beaucoup de points communs, bien qu'ils présentent toutefois de grandes différences au niveau des prémisses et de la logique employées pour promouvoir des caractéristiques organisationnelles particulières. Les coopératives y sont présentées comme un exemple de \"nouveau\" système d'organisation, à la fois parce qu'elles sont appropriées pour l'économie contemporaine et parce qu'elles favorisent le développement économique communautaire. Les coopératives offrent également la possibilité d'introduire des valeurs et des procédés démocratiques dans l'économie internationale, une alternative à la globalisation pratiquée par les corporations multinationales.
Journal Article
Research Report
People possess an innate need to belong that drives social interactions. Aberrations in the need to belong, such as social anhedonia and social anxiety, provide a point of entry for examining this need. The current study used experience-sampling methodology to explore deviations in the need to belong in the daily lives of 245 undergraduates. Eight times daily for a week, personal digital assistants signaled subjects to complete questionnaires regarding affect, thoughts, and behaviors. As predicted, higher levels of social anhedonia were associated with increased time alone, greater preference for solitude, and lower positive affect. Higher social anxiety, in contrast, was associated with higher negative affect and was not associated with increased time alone. Furthermore, greater social anxiety was associated with greater self-consciousness and preference to be alone while interacting with unfamiliar people. Thus, deviations in the need to belong affect social functioning differently depending on whether this need is absent or thwarted. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
Research Article
An experience-sampling study of 124 undergraduates, pretested on complex memory-span tasks, examined the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and the experience of mind wandering in daily life. Over 7 days, personal digital assistants signaled subjects eight times daily to report immediately whether their thoughts had wandered from their current activity, and to describe their psychological and physical context. WMC moderated the relation between mind wandering and activities' cognitive demand. During challenging activities requiring concentration and effort, higher-WMC subjects maintained on-task thoughts better, and mind-wandered less, than did lower-WMC subjects. The results were therefore consistent with theories of WMC emphasizing the role of executive attention and control processes in determining individual differences and their cognitive consequences. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
