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"Brown, Palmer"
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Beyond the pawpaw trees : the story of Anna Lavinia
Wondrous things happen when Anna Lavinia, a young girl who lives in a distant house behind a grove of pawpaw trees, sets off to travel to her aunt's house.
Book
The CYPome of the model xenobiotic-biotransforming fungus Cunninghamella elegans
The fungus
Cunninghamella elegans
is recognised as a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism owing to its ability to catabolise xenobiotic compounds in an analogous fashion to animals. Its ability to produce phase I (oxidative) metabolites of drugs is associated with cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity; however, almost nothing is known about these enzymes in the fungus. In this paper we report the
in silico
analysis of the genome sequence of
C
.
elegans
B9769, which contains 32 genes putatively coding for CYPs. Based on their predicted amino acid sequences these were classified as belonging to CYP509, 5203, 5208, 5313, 5210, 61 and 51 families. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR revealed that the gene coding for CYP5313D1 was significantly upregulated when
C
.
elegans
DSM1908 was cultivated in sabouraud dextrose in contrast to its expression in cells grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium. This corresponded to the fungus’ xenobiotic biotransformation ability when grown in the two media. Heterologous expression of
cyp5313D1
in
Pichia pastoris
resulted in a recombinant strain that biotransformed flurbiprofen to 4′-hydroxyflurbiprofen, the same metabolite generated by
C
.
elegans
cultures. This is the first report of a xenobiotic-biotransforming CYP from this biotechnologically important fungus.
Journal Article
The silver nutmeg : the story of Anna Lavinia and Toby
One dull, dry day Anna Livinia meets Toby, who invites her into the wondrous world on the other side of Dew Pond, where she encounters an uncanny fortuneteller, experiences the fun of no gravity, and hears Aunt Cornelia's tale of her beloved who disappeared into Anna's world.
Book
Intelligent diagnostic feedback for online multiple-choice questions
Issue Title: Special Issue of the 8th AIAI 2012 (Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations) International Conference When students attempt multiple-choice questions (MCQs) they generate invaluable information which can form the basis for understanding their learning behaviours. In this research, the information is collected and automatically analysed to provide customized, diagnostic feedback to support students' learning. This is achieved within a web-based system, incorporating the snap-drift neural network based analysis of students' responses to MCQs. This paper presents the results of a large trial of the method and the system which demonstrates the effectiveness of the feedback in guiding students towards a better understanding of particular concepts.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
Cyhalothrin biodegradation in Cunninghamella elegans
The insecticide λ-cyhalothrin was incubated with planktonic and biofilm cultures of the fungus
Cunninghamella elegans
.
19
F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that the compound was initially biosorbed to the biomass and more slowly degraded by the fungus. Furthermore, the presence of trifluoromethyl-containing metabolites was observed. Analysis of culture extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified non-fluorinated metabolites that suggested the likely catabolic pathway. The hydroxylated metabolites were probably generated from the action of cytochromes P450 (CYPs), as the presence of CYP inhibitors resulted in the absence of biodegradation. Planktonic cells were measurably faster at degrading the pesticide compared with biofilm.
Journal Article
Venom : the complete collection
One of comics' wildest writers takes on the symbiotic super hero! Flash Thompson, the Secret Avenger called Agent Venom, faces Daimon Hellstrom and the Monsters of Evil in a battle to save his soul! But when Venom's psychopathic off spring targets the Microverse, Flash and the new Scarlet Spider must put their rivalries aside to handle the madness of Carnage! Venom says farewell to New York and heads to Philadelphia - but Toxin follows soon after. And the pair of lethal symbiotes may unwittingly unleash something even more deadly! Can Flash battle side-by-side with the original Venom, Eddie Brock, to save the City of Brotherly Love? Plus underworld boss Lord Ogre! The killer called Crossbones! And...a symbiotic sidekick?! Cullen Bunn's explosive Venom run is collected in full!
Book
Investigating Microclimatic Influences on Ozone Injury in Clover (Trifolium subterraneum) Using Artificial Neural Networks
Microclimatic factors interact during ozone episodes to influence the sensitivity of plants to ozone and thus are likely to modify the amount of injury development. This paper investigates these interactions in an ozone-sensitive cultivar of clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Geraldton). Experiments were conducted using a glasshouse-based closed-chamber exposure system in which the plants were exposed for 7 h to either charcoal-filtered air (CF) or CF plus ozone at concentrations ranging from 40 to 160 ppb. The microclimatic conditions inside the chambers ranged from 16 to 36⚬C, 0.9-3.6 kPa vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and 80-460 μmol m-2s-1Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). Seven days after ozone exposure, the extent of foliar ozone injury was scored visually. The assessment scoring system was validated by pigment analysis. The data from these exposures were analysed using artificial neural networks (ANNs), the principles of which are described in the paper. Two ANNs were used, one to investigate the effects of microclimate on the threshold AOT40 (dose accumulated above a threshold of 40 ppb) above which injury developed, the other to determine the extent of visible injury development. Both networks used temperature, VPD, PAR and AOT40 as inputs. Testing with previously unseen data showed that the networks produced accurate predictions of the threshold and extent of injury for a range of ozone doses and microclimatic conditions. For example, the injury score network predicted that at 100 μmol m-2s-1PAR and 1 kPa VPD an AOT40 of 350 ppb h was required to produce an injury score of 1, whereas in conditions of 400 μmol m-2s-1PAR and 3.5 kPa VPD, an AOT40 of 460 ppb h was required. Analysis of the weightings of components of the trained networks indicated that VPD and PAR had a stronger influence on the response to ozone than did temperature. Furthermore, this approach revealed that microclimate had a greater influence on the extent of ozone injury than on the threshold for injury.
Journal Article
Biosynthesis of 2-aminooctanoic acid and its use to terminally modify a lactoferricin B peptide derivative for improved antimicrobial activity
Terminal modification of peptides is frequently used to improve their hydrophobicity. While N-terminal modification with fatty acids (lipidation) has been reported previously, C-terminal lipidation is limited as it requires the use of linkers. Here we report the use of a biocatalyst for the production of an unnatural fatty amino acid, (S)-2-aminooctanoic acid (2-AOA) with enantiomeric excess > 98% ee and the subsequent use of 2-AOA to modify and improve the activity of an antimicrobial peptide. A transaminase originating from Chromobacterium violaceum was employed with a conversion efficiency 52–80% depending on the ratio of amino group donor to acceptor. 2-AOA is a fatty acid with amino functionality, which allowed direct C- and N-terminal conjugation respectively to an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from lactoferricin B. The antibacterial activity of the modified peptides was improved by up to 16-fold. Furthermore, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of C-terminally modified peptide were always lower than N-terminally conjugated peptides. The C-terminally modified peptide exhibited MIC values of 25 μg/ml for Escherichia coli, 50 μg/ml for Bacillus subtilis, 100 μg/ml for Salmonella typhimurium, 200 μg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 400 μg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. The C-terminally modified peptide was the only peptide tested that showed complete inhibition of growth of S. aureus.
Journal Article
