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The World Health Organization : a history
\"According to its Constitution, the mission of the World Health Organization (WHO) was nothing less than the 'attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health' without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic status, or social condition. But how consistently and how well has the WHO pursued this mission since 1946? This comprehensive and engaging new history explores these questions by looking at its origins and its institutional antecedents, while also considering its contemporary and future roles. It examines how the WHO was shaped by the particular environments of the postwar period and the Cold War, the relative influence of the US and other approaches to healthcare, and its place alongside sometimes competing international bodies such as UNICEF, the World Bank, and the Gates Foundation. The authors re-evaluate the relative success and failure of critical WHO campaigns, from early malaria and smallpox eradication programs to struggles with Ebola today.\"--Back cover.
Book
An American Health Dilemma 25 Years Later
An American Health Dilemma is not the first attempt to document race-based biomedical inequities, but it surely represents the most comprehensive effort to place black health in its full sociohistorical context. 3(p1219) The same reviewer applauded volume 2 (Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States: 1900-2000) as a detailed history of the rise of modern medicine and a devastatingly incriminating account of the complex ways in which prevailing conceptions of race and class in every era have informed medical education and training, medical and political discourse, relations between white and black practitioners, and, of course, clinical interactions with African-American and other poor patients. 4(p3009) The reviewer added: Topics will include long-standing ideas about racial differences in North America, slave health and medical treatment, childbearing and reproductive health under slavery, Black hospitals and professional organizations, disputed origins of 20th-century African American health disparities, Black medical professional leadership in the 20th century, Black patients in 20th-century urban and rural hospitals, Black struggles for medical education and postgraduate training, racial discrimination in federal policies and programs, and the cause and consequence of Black health disparities in the United States of the 20th-century. Race and Health: An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race- Beginnings to 1900.
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The COVID-19 Pandemic in Historical Perspective: An AJPH Dossier
In the time of COVID-19, many are turning to the authors of epidemic and pandemic history in the hope that they will do for us what medical historian Henry E. Sigerist did for his generation in the dark days of worldwide depression and World War II, that is, to give us perspective on the present by allowing us to see it through the lenses of time and social evolution.1 With this in mind, AJPH has encouraged historical essays to help place the COVID19 pandemic in perspective. In this issue four such essays, along with five accompanying editorial comments, address the pre-vaccine challenges with which we have already been grappling: attempting to understand the complex epidemiology of the pandemic and hoping to learn important lessons from it, trying to collect data to solidly ground epidemiological analyses, pursuing social mitigation measures in the hope of buy-in and success, and facing head on the implications in terms of national reputation of our country's substantial failures thus far in dealing with COVID-19. Morabia (p. 438) focuses on the US Public Health Service's 1918-1919 house-to-house morbidity and mortality survey to understand how that survey was done and what data were collected for analysis. Because the survey included questions about economic status, race, and crowding, findings indicated that incidence and mortality were higher among the poor and that in many areas Whites were apparently more infected but died less than people of color.
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COVID-19, China, the World Health Organization, and the Limits of International Health Diplomacy
On May 5, 2020, the conservative newspaper the Washington Examiner lambasted China's behavior in the COVID-19 crisis, claiming that the country \"deliberately misled the world so that it could stockpile crucial supplies\" while it \"let the virus infect the rest of the world.\"1 The Examiner also claimed that China lied about the virus's capacity for human-to-human transmission. And yet, unlike other conservative media, the Examiner was relatively easy on the World Health Organization (WHO), which, it said, China had manipulated by refusing to let it see early data.Other voices have been far more critical of the WHO. For example, on April 15, the Libertarian magazine Reason asserted that the WHO \"whitewashed the Chinese government's early handling ofthe crisis\" and did this because of its \"overly deferential stance towards China, which is its second-biggest financial contributor.\"2What is the truth about the WHO's response to the coronavirus crisis in China? The most comprehensive source for the early days of the developing pandemic is the chronology posted on the WHO Web site,3 extracted in the box on page 1150. The chronology raises several questions. The new coronavirus was isolated by Chinese scientists byJanuary 7, so why did China not report this to the WHO until January 12? A high WHO official onJanuary 14 underscored the likelihood of human-to-human spread of the new \"pneumonia\" analogous to SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome).3 But why was no confirmatory evidence reported by China until January 23, just after a small WHO team was allowed to visit Wuhan for the first time and more than a week after the Chinese had installed thermometers at airports, train stations, and long-range bus stations?
Journal Article
Four Hundred Years Since Jamestown: An AJPH Dossier
This special section marks an important but troubling anniversary in US history, the arrival in October 1619 of 20 unfree African laborers who were brought as indentured servants. By the 1660s indentured servants were displaced and numerically overwhelmed by African slaves, who over the next two centuries helped build the US economy through the institution of chattel slavery.
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AJPH Project Examines the Journal's Past Representation of Historically Marginalized Populations
Initially, we examined the Journal's past treatment of the health issues of Black, Hispanic/Latino/as, LGBTQ1 (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, and all subsects), and South Asian individuals. When we form our academic collaborations, we will work in teams to delve into the details and nuances of AJPH's pattern and content of publication with regard to the health of these populations over the course of its history. Led by a group of Harvard historians of medicine and public health, the series was launched with the December 6, 2023, article \"Slavery and the Journal-Reckoning With History and Complicity.\"
Journal Article
Raymond B. Fosdick (1883–1972):Ardent Advocate of Internationalism
The goal of this commission was to promote athletics and other healthy activities and to distract the men from prostitutes, gambling, and excessive drinking.2 As the war was ending, Fosdick served as Special Representative of the War Department in France and as civilian aide to General Pershing during the Paris Peace Conference. [...]Fosdick was directly responsible for persuading John D. Rockefeller Jr to become an active supporter of the League of Nations and to fund the splendid League Library. 3 Fosdick maintained his strong international commitments throughout the 1930s and during World War II, as is evident in his 1944 speech to the American Public Health Association, excerpted here.
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The World Health Organization and the Transition From \International\ to \Global\ Public Health
The term “global health” is rapidly replacing the older terminology of “international health.” We describe the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in both international and global health and in the transition from one to the other. We suggest that the term “global health” emerged as part of larger political and historical processes, in which WHO found its dominant role challenged and began to reposition itself within a shifting set of power alliances. Between 1948 and 1998, WHO moved from being the unquestioned leader of international health to being an organization in crisis, facing budget shortfalls and diminished status, especially given the growing influence of new and powerful players. We argue that WHO began to refashion itself as the coordinator, strategic planner, and leader of global health initiatives as a strategy of survival in response to this transformed international political context.
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At the Roots of The World Health Organization’s Challenges: Politics and Regionalization
The World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) leadership challenges can be traced to its first decades of existence. Central to its governance and practice is regionalization: the division of its member countries into regions, each representing 1 geographical or cultural area. The particular composition of each region has varied over time—reflecting political divisions and especially decolonization. Currently, the 194 member countries belong to 6 regions: the Americas (35 countries), Europe (53 countries), the Eastern Mediterranean (21 countries), South-East Asia (11 countries), the Western Pacific (27 countries), and Africa (47 countries). The regions have considerable autonomy with their own leadership, budget, and priorities. This regional organization has been controversial since its beginnings in the first days of WHO, when representatives of the European countries believed that each country should have a direct relationship with the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, whereas others (especially the United States) argued in favor of the regionalization plan. Over time, regional directors have inevitably challenged the WHO directors-general over their degree of autonomy, responsibilities and duties, budgets, and national composition; similar tensions have occurred within regions. This article traces the historical roots of these challenges.
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Working With the Panthers to Transform Health Care for Poor Black Communities
In this excerpt from his autobiographical memoir Everybody In, Nobody Out, Quentin Young, MD, describes his work in the late 1960s and early 1970s with the \"Spurgeon 'Jake' Winters Free People's Medical Care Center\" organized by the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Chicago, Illinois. It was no surprise that when looking for allies to help with their free medical clinic for impoverished and underserved Black people in Chicago (\"so poor that they never go to the doctor until they are practically dying\") the Panthers turned to Quentin Young.
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