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"Bruce, R."
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Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease — Biologic Process, Prevention, and Therapy
When T cells from a bone marrow donor begin to attack the host within 3 months after hematopoietic-cell transplantation, acute graft-versus-host disease results. The disease mainly affects the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract and is treated with immunosuppressive drugs.
Journal Article
Entrepreneurship : successfully launching new ventures
'Entrepreneurship' takes students on the entire journey of launching a new business venture, placing a unique emphasis on the front end of the entrepreneurial process.
Book
Pathophysiology of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease and Therapeutic Targets
Chronic GVHD, an autoimmune disease that follows allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation, is characterized by infections and debilitating tissue injury leading to irreversible fibrosis. Insights into the pathophysiology of the disease are providing new therapeutic targets.
Journal Article
Proximate and ultimate causes of the bactericidal action of antibiotics
During the past 85 years of antibiotic use, we have learned a great deal about how these ‘miracle’ drugs work. We know the molecular structures and interactions of these drugs and their targets and the effects on the structure, physiology and replication of bacteria. Collectively, we know a great deal about these proximate mechanisms of action for virtually all antibiotics in current use. What we do not know is the ultimate mechanism of action; that is, how these drugs irreversibly terminate the ‘individuality’ of bacterial cells by removing barriers to the external world (cell envelopes) or by destroying their genetic identity (DNA). Antibiotics have many different ‘mechanisms of action’ that converge to irreversible lethal effects. In this Perspective, we consider what our knowledge of the proximate mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the pharmacodynamics of their interaction with bacteria tell us about the ultimate mechanisms by which these antibiotics kill bacteria.We know a lot about antibiotics and their targets; however, how antibiotics actually kill bacteria is not entirely clear and is up for debate. In this Perspective, Baquero and Levin reflect on this ultimate action of antibiotics and consider different mechanisms and modulating factors.
Journal Article
Synergy and Order Effects of Antibiotics and Phages in Killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
In contrast to planktonic cells, bacteria imbedded biofilms are notoriously refractory to treatment by antibiotics or bacteriophage (phage) used alone. Given that the mechanisms of killing differ profoundly between drugs and phages, an obvious question is whether killing is improved by combining antibiotic and phage therapy. However, this question has only recently begun to be explored. Here, in vitro biofilm populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 were treated singly and with combinations of two phages and bactericidal antibiotics of five classes. By themselves, phages and drugs commonly had only modest effects in killing the bacteria. However some phage-drug combinations reduced bacterial densities to well below that of the best single treatment; in some cases, bacterial densities were reduced even below the level expected if both agents killed independently of each other (synergy). Furthermore, there was a profound order effect in some cases: treatment with phages before drugs achieved maximum killing. Combined treatment was particularly effective in killing in Pseudomonas biofilms grown on layers of cultured epithelial cells. Phages were also capable of limiting the extent to which minority populations of bacteria resistant to the treating antibiotic ascend. The potential of combined antibiotic and phage treatment of biofilm infections is discussed as a realistic way to evaluate and establish the use of bacteriophage for the treatment of humans.
Journal Article
Mathematics and its teaching in the Asia-Pacific region
\"This book provides the global mathematics education community with information on the recent and current status of the teaching of mathematics in a group of island nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, and twelve nations in the South Pacific Ocean. It is the third volume in a series conceived by Dr Bruce Vogeli of Columbia University Teachers College and published by WSP, aimed at producing contemporary accounts of mathematics teaching in a world-wide group of nations. Previous volumes have covered Central and South American nations and a selection of Muslim nations respectively\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells and depression
Depression is a common mental illness, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Decades of investigation have yielded symptomatic therapies for this disabling condition but have not led to a consensus about its pathogenesis. There are data to support several different theories of causation, including the monoamine hypothesis, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis changes, inflammation and immune system alterations, abnormalities of neurogenesis and a conducive environmental milieu. Research in these areas and others has greatly advanced the current understanding of depression; however, there are other, less widely known theories of pathogenesis. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells, including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes, have numerous important functions, which include forming myelin sheaths that enwrap central nervous system axons, supporting axons metabolically, and mediating certain forms of neuroplasticity. These specialized glial cells have been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression. In this review, we summarize recent findings that shed light on how oligodendrocyte lineage cells might participate in the pathogenesis of depression, and we discuss new approaches for targeting these cells as a novel strategy to treat depression.
Journal Article