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"Bullock, Barbara E"
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The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching
Code-switching - the alternating use of two languages in the same stretch of discourse by a bilingual speaker - generates a great deal of pointed discussion in the public domain. This handbook provides a guide to this bilingual phenomenon, drawing on empirical data from a wide-range of language pairings.
Book
ON SOCIOPHONETIC COMPETENCE
The data from this study investigate phrase-final vowel devoicing in Metropolitan French among L1 and L2 speakers, in terms of number of times a speaker devoices a phrase-final high vowel and percentage of the vowel that is devoiced. The goal is to assess whether experienced L2 speakers use style-based variation in response to the same factors as native speakers. Results from a set of role playing and word list tasks revealed that L2 devoicing rates matched those of the natives, but were conditioned by different factors in each group. The duration of L2 speaker devoicing, however, was found not to match native levels. Notable differences emerged in response to shifts in style: L1 speakers showed higher rates and enhanced degrees of devoicing in pragmatic contexts that favored either slower or more formal speech, while L2 speakers responded very little to pragmatic shifts within role plays, instead responding more pronouncedly to different tasks.
Journal Article
Prosody in contact in French: A case study from a heritage variety in the USA
This article focuses on the prosody of heritage speakers of a minority variety of French, spoken in Frenchville, Pennsylvania, since the 1830s. Specifically, this case study focuses on three distinct supra-segmental phenomena: (i) penultimate prominence, (ii) focus via prominence in situ, and (iii) the prosody of left dislocation. Although all three phenomena appear to be convergent with the speakers’ dominant language, American English, I argue that penultimate prominence cannot be unambiguously attributed to English influence but may instead be an inheritance from the 19th-century source dialect for Frenchville. Prominence at the higher discourse levels, for the expression of information structure, can much more clearly be interpreted as contact induced. As is demonstrated here, these bilinguals use pitch accents and tonal contours for a variety of pragmatic and discursive functions in ways that are very similar to English but impossible in any attested variety of French. Despite the influence of the structure of the dominant language on the heritage language, these data cannot be easily interpreted as evidence of attrition since the usual syntactic means for the expression of information structure in French are still very much intact in this variety. This implies that contact-influenced prosodic innovations among heritage speakers may serve as additional communication resources for the expression of discourse-pragmatic distinctions rather than as mere replacement strategies.
Journal Article
Reconsidering Dominican Spanish: Data from the rural Cibao
The Spanish of the Dominican Republic has garnered the attention of hispanist and linguistics scholars for years. Much is known of its distinctive phonological and morphosyntactic properties (e.g., liquid gliding: mujei < mujer 'woman'; intrusive /s/: holas < hola 'hello'; and expletive pronouns, as in ello hay arroz 'there is rice' and double negation: Yo no voy no 'I am not going'). Nevertheless, it is our contention that extant dialectal descriptions are imprecise as well as incomplete. This inadequacy is due, in part, to differing methods of data collection and social and geographic differences in the populations sampled (earlier studies are often impressionistic and concentrate on careful elicited speech of educated, urban speakers). The present study concentrates on the speech of the rural regions of El Cibao, where heavily stigmatized Dominican speech forms are found. Drawing on naturalistic interviews with men, women, and children of all ages, we demonstrate that for rural cibaeños, a lack of normative pressure has had a substantial influence, resulting in the preservation of archaic forms, the spread of formerly infrequent patterns, and the dissemination of innovative features. El español de la República Dominicana ha sido objeto de un gran número de minuciosos estudios, por lo que contamos con detallados conocimientos de dicha variedad dialectal. Se han estudiado, por ejemplo, características fonológicas y morfosintácticas como la vocalización de líquidas (mujei < mujer), la intrusión de /-s/no etimológica (hola > holas), el comportamiento de pronombres expletivos (ello hay arroz = 'hay arroz') y la doble negación del tipo Yo no voy no = 'no voy'. Sin embargo, bajo nuestro punto de vista, las numerosas descripciones dialectales son, a veces, tanto imprecisas como incompletas. Esta deficiencia se debe, en parte, a diferencias en los métodos empleados en la recogida de datos y/o a las diferencias sociales y geográficas en las poblaciones examinadas (los estudios anteriores son, a menudo, de carácter impresionista y suelen favorecer el habla cuidada de hablantes urbanos cultos). Este estudio se concentra en el habla de las regiones rurales de El Cibao, donde se encuentran formas lingüísticas dominicanas con rasgos altamente estigmatizados. Mediante entrevistas grabadas de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades demostramos que en áreas cibaeñas rurales, la ausencia de presión normativa ha condicionado el habla de manera significativa. Esto ha producido el mantenimiento de formas arcaicas, el aumento de expresiones antes poco frecuentes, y la difusión de rasgos innovadores.
Journal Article
ON SOCIOPHONETIC COMPETENCE
The data from this study investigate phrase-final vowel devoicing in Metropolitan French among L1 and L2 speakers, in terms of number of times a speaker devoices a phrase-final high vowel and percentage of the vowel that is devoiced. The goal is to assess whether experienced L2 speakers use style-based variation in response to the same factors as native speakers. Results from a set of role playing and word list tasks revealed that L2 devoicing rates matched those of the natives, but were conditioned by different factors in each group. The duration of L2 speaker devoicing, however, was found not to match native levels. Notable differences emerged in response to shifts in style: L1 speakers showed higher rates and enhanced degrees of devoicing in pragmatic contexts that favored either slower or more formal speech, while L2 speakers responded very little to pragmatic shifts within role plays, instead responding more pronouncedly to different tasks.
Journal Article
The preservation of schwa in the converging phonological system of Frenchville (PA) French
The phonological system of the French of Frenchville, Pennsylvania (USA) demonstrates a dramatic case of transfer in the latest (and last) generation of bilingual French–English speakers: the mid front round vowels, [œ] and [ø], have often been replaced by the English rhoticized schwa as found in the word sir. However, French schwa, which is arguably phonetically non-distinct from the mid front round vowels, does not participate fully in this merger. This result is unexpected given both the phonetic identity of schwa and [ø], and the fact that our speakers are not literate in French and, as such, have no access to the differential orthographic representations manifest between schwa and the mid front round vowels. The data argue strongly that schwa is, in some sense, “real” for these speakers. Based on a phonetic analysis of the vowels under consideration, we argue that transfer between two sound systems cannot be perceived as a simple case of phonetic replacement. Instead, transfer or convergence with English must be viewed as a systemic process that preserves contrast in unexpected ways. In the case at hand, the data suggest that the traditional separation between the phonetic and phonological levels of grammar cannot be maintained as each level contributes to both provoking merger and maintaining contrast in bilingual speech.
Journal Article
\Prononcer mâle ou prononcer mal\: Linguistic Markers of Effeminacy in Early Modern French
This article examines the issue of the linguistic stereotyping of effeminacy in early modern France. Our approach combines evidence from linguistic treatises as well as literary and cultural documents to provide insight into language variation and the conflicting values assigned to specific linguistic forms during that time. We also examine the social and historical context surrounding this time period in order to attempt to understand what an accusation of effeminate speech behavior meant and to what extent alleged effeminate speech practices among men might then, as now, have correlated with the perception of a homosexual identity.
Journal Article
Formal Perspectives on Romance Linguistics
This volume presents current research in the formal treatment of linguistic phenomena in the Romance languages. It focuses on a variety of issues in phonology, second language acquisition, semantics, and syntax. Topics in phonological theory include the analysis of geminates, assimilation, rhotics, aspiration, syllabification, the interaction of phonology with morphology, the phonology-phonetics interface, and issues of transderivation and allomorphy selection. The primary question addressed in the area of second language acquisition theory is the issue of learners' access to Universal Grammar. The studies in semantic theory examine the proper analysis of indefinites, bare plurals, and specificity, with a particular emphasis on the syntax-semantics interface. Finally, the essays on syntactic theory discuss issues pertaining to argument structure, functional projections, phrase structure and adjunction, feature checking, and the syntactic representation of tense.
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