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"Bullock, E."
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The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching
Code-switching - the alternating use of two languages in the same stretch of discourse by a bilingual speaker - generates a great deal of pointed discussion in the public domain. This handbook provides a guide to this bilingual phenomenon, drawing on empirical data from a wide-range of language pairings.
Book
A Reduced Organic Carbon Component in Martian Basalts
The source and nature of carbon on Mars have been a subject of intense speculation. We report the results of confocal Raman imaging spectroscopy on 11 martian meteorites, spanning about 4.2 billion years of martian history. Ten of the meteorites contain abiotic macromolecular carbon (MMC) phases detected in association with small oxide grains included within high-temperature minerals. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected along with MMC phases in Dar al Gani 476. The association of organic carbon within magmatic minerals indicates that martian magmas favored precipitation of reduced carbon species during crystallization. The ubiquitous distribution of abiotic organic carbon in martian igneous rocks is important for understanding the martian carbon cycle and has implications for future missions to detect possible past martian life.
Journal Article
Sulfide resorption during crustal ascent and degassing of oceanic plateau basalts
Mantle plume-related magmas typically have higher chalcophile and siderophile element (CSE) contents than mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). These differences are often attributed to sulfide-under-saturation of plume-related melts. However, because of eruption-related degassing of sulfur (S) and the compositional, pressure, temperature and redox effects on S-solubility, understanding the magmatic behavior of S is challenging. Using CSE data for oceanic plateau basalts (OPB), which rarely degas S, we show that many OPB are sulfide-saturated. Differences in the timing of sulfide-saturation between individual OPB suites can be explained by pressure effects on sulfur solubility associated with ascent through over-thickened crust. Importantly, where S-degassing does occur, OPB have higher CSE contents than S-undegassed melts at similar stages of differentiation. This can be explained by resorption of earlier-formed sulfides, which might play an important role in enriching degassed melts in sulfide-compatible CSE and potentially contributes to anomalous enrichments of CSE in the crust.
The solubility of sulfur in basaltic melt has important implications for the formation of magmatic ore deposits. Here, the authors show that magma ascent and sulfur-degassing influence the degree to which basaltic magmas are enriched in economically-important chalcophile and siderophile elements.
Journal Article
Community-Engaged Research for Economic Justice: Reflections on Concepts and Practices
The growing practice of community-engaged research (CER) creates new opportunities for practitioners, both to affirm the importance of critical approaches to CER and to strengthen our work by reflecting on the concepts and practices of our research. We offer reflections on the meanings of “community,” “engagement,” and “research” in the context of on-the-ground community–university collaborations conducted by the Blum Center on Poverty, Social Enterprise, and Participatory Governance, a campus-based research center at the University of California, Santa Cruz. This account is provided in the spirit of sharing observations, insights, and lessons learned about CER, generated through its practice in a range of community-based research projects.
Journal Article
Women and poverty : psychology, public policy, and social justice
Women and Poverty analyzes the social and structural factors that contribute to, and legitimize, class inequity and women's poverty. In doing so, the book provides a unique documentation of women's experiences of poverty and classism at the individual and interpersonal levels. * Provides readers with a critical analysis of the social and structural factors that contribute to women's poverty * Uses a multidisciplinary approach to bring together new research and theory from social psychology, policy studies, and critical and feminist scholarship * Documents women's experiences of poverty and classism at the interpersonal and institutional levels * Discusses policy analysis for reducing poverty and social inequality
eBook
Beyond Belmont: Ethics for Community-Engaged Research
Community-engaged research (CER) methods have become increasingly prevalent in qualitative social science research across a number of fields. The origins and purposes of CER inform an approach to research ethics in which close collaboration to co-produce knowledge with community members is central. Yet the system of ethical principles and procedures that has governed most research involving human participants for more than half a century is rooted in a very different ethical paradigm, one that emerged from revelations of abuses in biomedical research and is designed above all to protect participants from harm. We argue that research orientations (and their underlying ethical principles) are grounded in and constrained by the historical and cultural circumstances that produced them. Advancing an ethics of community engagement and collaboration therefore requires expanding the parameters of ethical consideration and confronting the differences between existing conceptions of research ethics and CER’s ethical imperatives. Questions of how best to do so have spurred active debates and innovations among scholars and practitioners. We seek to contribute to this discussion by a) examining the origins and underpinnings of these distinct ethical paradigms; b) specifying key areas of convergence and divergence between them and the resulting ethical tensions and imperatives that confront CER practitioners; and c) articulating concrete strategies and practices that researchers have pursued to advance an ethics of community-engaged research, drawing in part on insights gained through four CER collaborations with local partners in marginalized low-income communities in central California.
Journal Article
Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial
Few patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis currently receive non-invasive ventilation (NIV), reflecting clinical uncertainty about the role of this intervention. We aimed to assess the effect of NIV on quality of life and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a randomised controlled trial.
92 of 102 eligible patients participated. They were assessed every 2 months and randomly assigned to NIV (n=22) or standard care (n=19) when they developed either orthopnoea with maximum inspiratory pressure less than 60% of that predicted or symptomatic hypercapnia. Primary validated quality-of-life outcome measures were the short form 36 mental component summary (MCS) and the sleep apnoea quality-of-life index symptoms domain (sym). Both time maintained above 75% of baseline (T
iMCS and T
isym) and mean improvement (μMCS and μsym) were measured.
NIV improved T
iMCS, T
isym, μMCS, μsym, and survival in all patients and in the subgroup with better bulbar function (n=20). This subgroup showed improvement in several measures of quality of life and a median survival benefit of 205 days (p=0·006) with maintained quality of life for most of this period. NIV improved some quality-of-life indices in those with poor bulbar function, including μsym (p=0·018), but conferred no survival benefit.
In patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis without severe bulbar dysfunction, NIV improves survival with maintenance of, and improvement in, quality of life. The survival benefit from NIV in this group is much greater than that from currently available neuroprotective therapy. In patients with severe bulbar impairment, NIV improves sleep-related symptoms, but is unlikely to confer a large survival advantage.
Journal Article
The relationship between knee strength and functional stability before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Functional stability of the knee is dependent on an intact ligamentous system and the timely and efficient contraction of supporting musculature. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between muscle strength and functional stability in 31 patients pre- and post-operatively, following a unilateral anterior cruciate ligament rupture. All subjects underwent reconstructive surgery using semitendonosis and gracilis tendons. Isokinetic strength assessment of quadriceps and hamstring muscles was performed at a rate of movement of 60°/s and 120°/s. Functional stability was determined by performance during five functional stability tests that included the shuttle run, side step, carioca, single and triple hop tests. Pearson’s correlation coefficient statistics were applied to pre-operative and post-operative data respectively. These analyses demonstrated a significant positive correlation between quadriceps strength indices at both testing speeds and the two hop tests pre-operatively (
p’
s<0.007
) and between quadriceps strength indices at both speeds and all five functional tests post-operatively (
p’
s<0.01
). Assessed using Steiger’s formula, there was a significant increase in the correlation between quadriceps strength indices and three functional tests post-operatively compared to pre-operatively (
p<0.05). No significant correlation between hamstring strength indices and functional scores existed pre- or post-operatively. This study has shown a significant correlation exists between quadriceps strength indices and functional stability both before and after surgery, this relationship does not reach significance between hamstring strength indices and functional stability.
Journal Article