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Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), remains a growing global health concern. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between systemic inflammatory markers and both the presence and severity of DR. Special attention was given to the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), a novel composite index of immune response, whose association with DR remains underexplored. Materials and methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 310 patients with T2DM, grouped based on the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ICDR): no DR (NDR, n  = 100), non-proliferative DR (NPDR, n  = 100), and proliferative DR (PDR, n  = 110). Clinical and laboratory data—including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (NHR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and PIV—were analyzed. Statistical methods included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Results PDR patients had significantly elevated NLR ( p  = 0.005), MLR ( p  < 0.001), NHR ( p  = 0.016), C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) ( p  < 0.001), and PIV ( p  = 0.002) levels. In NPDR, PLR ( p  = 0.012) and SII ( p  = 0.005) were significantly higher than in the other groups. NLR showed the highest predictive performance in ROC analysis (sensitivity: 84.8%), followed by SII (78.1%), PLR (76.2%), and PIV (53.3%). Conclusion Among patients with T2DM, inflammatory markers—particularly NLR, PLR, SII, and PIV—suggested potential relevance in identifying DR and its progression. PLR and SII may have utility in the early identification of NPDR, while PIV appears to be a potentially valuable inflammatory marker. These cost-effective and easily accessible indices may contribute to the screening and monitoring of DR in clinical settings.

Background and Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. The etiology of PCOS is complex and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. The current study aimed to investigate inflammation markers in PCOS patients with and without metformin treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 age-matched PCOS patients not receiving metformin treatment, 50 PCOS patients receiving metformin treatment, and 30 healthy controls. The groups were compared according to inflammatory (hs-CRP, NLR, and PLR) and metabolic parameters (lipids, fasting blood-sugar insulin, HOMA-IR). Results: Insulin (p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001) score median values of PCOS patients were found to be significantly higher than the control group. CRP levels of PCOS patients receiving metformin treatment were found to be higher than both control and PCOS patients not receiving metformin treatment (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of PLR mean value (p = 0.031). The mean PLR value of PCOS patients, both those receiving metformin treatment and those not receiving treatment, was found to be significantly higher than the control group. In PCOS patients not receiving metformin treatment, there was a negative significant correlation between NLR and HDL level (r: −0.384; p: 0.036), NLR and insulin (r: 0.422; p: 0.020), and HOMA-IR score (r: 0.439; p: 0.015). There was a positive significant correlation between them. Conclusions: In the current study, PLR was significantly increased in all PCOS patients compared to controls. CRP levels in PCOS patients receiving metformin treatment were significantly higher than both control and untreated PCOS patients. PLR is positively associated with insulin and HOMA-IR scores in PCOS patients.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Maresin-1 (MaR1), Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), and inflammatory as well as hematological markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 90 participants divided into three groups: healthy controls (n = 30), patients with T2DM (n = 30), and patients with diabetic nephropathy (n = 30). The serum levels of MaR1 and CHI3L1 were measured using ELISA. Biochemical and hematological parameters were also assessed. Statistical comparisons were conducted using non-parametric tests, and correlations were analyzed via Spearman correlation. Results: Serum MaR1 levels were significantly higher in DN patients compared to both T2DM patients and controls (p < 0.01), while CHI3L1 levels were significantly lower in the DN group compared to controls (p = 0.007). MaR1 showed a positive correlation with CRP, BUN, and creatinine, and a negative correlation with GFR. CHI3L1 levels were positively correlated with GFR and negatively with BUN. Inflammatory markers such as CRP were elevated in the diabetic groups, while no significant differences were found in NLR values. Conclusions: Elevated MaR1 levels in DN patients and their correlation with renal dysfunction markers suggest that MaR1 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in diabetic nephropathy. The unexpected decrease in CHI3L1 levels in DN patients indicates the need for further research to clarify their role. These findings indicated that MaR1 and CHI3L1 should be further investigated in future studies as indicators for the early detection and monitoring of diabetic complications.

Background Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection can cause chronic, intense inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which can lead to stomach cancer. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a dietary metabolite that increases HP virulence and inflammatory process. In this study, we aimed to find out how serum TMAO, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pepsinogen levels are affected in patients with HP-induced chronic gastritis. Methods Forty-five age- and sex-matched patients diagnosed with chronic gastritis caused by H. Pylori and 45 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of H. Pylori-associated chronic gastritis was confirmed by endoscopy and biopsy. Serum TMAO, LPS, pepsinogen 1 and pepsinogen 2 levels were studied by the ELISA method. Results Serum TMAO level of patients with HP gastritis was 48.61 (2.29-120.66) and that of the control group was 7.89 (1.22–76.40). Serum TMAO levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group ( p  < 0.001). Serum LPS levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group ( p  = 0.008). Serum pepsinogen 1 levels were statistically significantly higher in patients with HP-related chronic gastritis than in the control group ( p  = 0.001). Conclusion The present study found elevated serum TMAO, LPS and pepsinogen 1 levels in patients with H. Pylori gastritis. These serum markers can be used as a non-invasive method in the evaluation of chronic gastritis infected with H. pylori.