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The digital age and the rise of social media have exacerbated both the occurrence and harm of nonconsensual pornography, i.e., the distribution of nude or sexually graphic images of individuals without their consent. Unsurprisingly, states only began legislating nonconsensual pornography, also known as revenge porn, a decade ago and there is no federally applicable law on the books. The statutes vary significantly in their approach from state-to-state, and many contain clear loopholes. The largest hoop to jump through in criminalizing nonconsensual pornography and upholding these laws are First Amendment challenges. Opponents of anti-revenge porn legislation argue that these laws are in tension with the free speech and press guarantees of the First Amendment. While many states have succeeded in defending their anti-revenge porn laws against such challenges, the state courts have struggled to find a place for the laws in First Amendment doctrine and have emerged with differing theories. This Note reflects on the tension between criminalizing nonconsensual pornography and current First Amendment doctrine and argues that the present legal protections and remedies against nonconsensual pornography are inadequate. Ultimately, this Note argues that a national, uniform solution to nonconsensual pornography is needed and explores how federal anti-revenge porn legislation could fit into First Amendment doctrine-or rather, how the Supreme Court could rethink its free speech doctrine, while honoring and furthering the First Amendment 's values and goals, to categorically exclude nonconsensual pornography from free speech protection.

BackgroundThere is evidence that medical students have the potential to actively initiate, lead and bring about change through quality improvement within healthcare organisations. For effective change to occur, it is important that students are introduced to, and exposed to the value and necessity of quality improvement early in their careers. The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives and experiences of medical students and their mentors after undertaking quality improvement projects within the healthcare setting, and if such practice-based experiences were an effective way of building improvement capacity and changing practice.MethodsA qualitative interpretive description methodology, using focus groups with medical students and semi-structured interviews with academic and clinical mentors following completion of students’ 4-week quality improvement projects was adopted.ResultsThe findings indicate that there are a range of facilitators and barriers to undertaking and completing quality improvement projects in the clinical setting, such as time-scales, differing perspectives, roles and responsibilities between students and multidisciplinary healthcare professionals.ConclusionsThis study has demonstrated that quality improvement experiential learning can develop knowledge and skills among medical students and transform attitudes towards quality improvement. Furthermore, it can also have a positive impact on clinical staff and healthcare organisations. Despite inherent challenges, undertaking quality improvement projects in clinical practice enhances knowledge, understanding and skills, and allows medical students to see themselves as important influencers of change as future doctors.

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to socio-cultural gender, power, and economic disparities. This scoping review examined the literature to explore what is known about AGYW’s everyday personal, relational, and social experiences of HIV to help shape future protective HIV policy and practice. Six databases were searched: Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, ASSIA, Google Scholar, and ProQuest, resulting in a total of 12,581 articles. Of these, 40 articles were included in the review. Key themes generated from the thematic analysis were relational and psychosocial challenges, inhibiting sexual expression, poverty, stigma, and discrimination; managing health in everyday life; agency and resilience; and personal space and social support. In conclusion, the review found a lack of understanding of AGYW’s everyday experiences of living with HIV from their own perspectives. There was also little consideration of the role of patriarchal culture and how this constrains AGYW’s ability to negotiate their relationships. Further research is needed to reveal AGYW’s perspectives on living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.

Following the publication of an updated definition of \"information literacy\" in 2018 by CILIP, the United Kingdom's library and information association, librarians at Royal Holloway, University of London, began to use the definition with both students and staff. Their aim was to foster a better understanding of information literacy and how it can benefit learners throughout their studies and beyond. The students were first-year English undergraduates, and the staff were working toward a postgraduate teaching certificate. Discussions during and after the sessions indicated that the updated definition was effective in introducing the concept of information literacy to both students and staff, highlighting its importance in academia and the wider world.

My original contribution to knowledge is the emergence of an inductively derived conceptual framework that provides a generic account of the way in which people construct and communicate risk. Within this framework, a detailed contextual understanding of how this was applied to C.difficile is developed. Furthermore, in seeking to place responses to health risks in the wider social, cultural and political context, moving beyond a standard critique of media output, an understanding of both how and why the media report health-related risks helped identify ways in which the media can influence how people can construct and communicate about risks. The incidence and severity of C.difficile infection is increasing and it is one of the most common healthcare associated infections, posing a global threat to public health. With the occurrence of major outbreaks within the UK and elsewhere, fear, confusion and unsafe infection prevention and control practices continue to exist among the public and healthcare professionals. Consequently, C.difficile is of particular interest to the media, being the focus of much media reporting. How the public perceive and respond to a health-related risk is shaped by a range of socially and contextually structured evaluations and interpretations, based on a range of factors such as availability heuristics, direct and indirect experiences and social influences, particularly those emanating from the media. Expert risk perceptions and responses on the other hand, are sometimes supposed to be more veridical than those of the public because they are based on calculations of scientific probabilities. Risk perceptions and responses however are context dependent and therefore to be understood, need to be considered within the context that they are perceived and experienced. There is currently little risk perception empirical research to draw upon within the context of C.difficile. The aim of this study was to explore risk perceptions and responses of the public and healthcare professionals within the context of C.difficile and to examine the role of the media in health-related risk reporting. This qualitative study adopted three approaches to data collection: a media coverage analysis of a major C.difficile outbreak, focus groups with the public and healthcare professionals in two geographical areas (an outbreak versus a non-outbreak area), and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with media professionals. The media coverage analysis found that the media portrayed key individuals involved in the outbreak as victims, villains and heroes. These ‘characters’ evolved as the outbreak progressed and new information became available. Such representations were frequently used as a backdrop for the public and healthcare professionals in order to support or refute their perceptions about C.difficile. For the public and healthcare professionals, the consequence of C.difficile and why it occurred was much more salient than estimations of the probability or likelihood of it occurring. Conceptual factors that were found to be important in influencing perceptions included: feelings of vulnerability; attribution of responsibility; judgements about competence; and evaluations of risk communicators. Media professionals were seen as important risk communicators in the focus groups, however they saw themselves as predominantly story tellers and entertainers, rather than ‘educators’. They also believed themselves to be advocates for the public whereby they uncover information that officialdom would seek to keep hidden. What emerged from this study was a coherent, structured and generic account of how various stakeholders construct and communicate about risk. Within this conceptual structuring, a detailed contextual understanding of how this was applied by the public and healthcare professionals around C.difficile was gained. Findings indicate that uncertainty, fear and confusion about C.difficile exist that appear to be influenced by a range of contextual factors such as indirect and direct experiences, social interaction and the media. If risk management and communication strategies are to influence the desired and effective responses towards C.difficile and wider health-related risks, those responsible for managing and communicating risk must consider already established risk perceptions in addition to the factors that have influenced such risk perceptions.

This thesis is a case study of Manchester, concerned with examining the role of Best Value in promoting sustainable communities. Best Value was one of the first policies announced in relation to local government following the election of a new Labour government in 1997. As a Best Value pilot authority, one of Manchester's main aims was to use mainstream service delivery to create sustainable communities. The vision was driven by the fact that, within the city, many neighbourhoods were anything but sustainable. This research provides a framework to identify the most useful indicators that communities are, or are becoming, unsustainable and to examine the relationship between the sustainability of communities and the perceptions of local residents, in respect of the area in which they live, and of the quality of local government services. Using a theoretical model, it is argued that, to understand the sustainability of communities, it is necessary to take into account the operation of economic, environmental and societal spheres and the hierarchy that operates between them. This model maintains that, in order to achieve increasing levels of sustainability, there is a need to achieve economic adequacy and levels of equity, a liveable built environment and a population reflecting the outcomes of these spheres, that is participative and cohesive in nature. The theoretical model used, with an analysis of evidence from declining communities in many ex-coalfield and industrial parts of Great Britain, informs the selection of indicators to measure sustainability. These are developed at ward level for Manchester, using national and internal council data sets. These indicators focus on the economic, environmental and societal spheres to capture different dimensions of sustainability: low income, unemployment and sickness, turnover, voids, demand for housing and participation. The results are used to identify the worst rather than the best results for each of the indicators and thus understand the nature of unsustainability in the city. Cluster analysis explores how the different indicator variables relate to each other at an area level and the different profiles of sustainability that emerge as a result. The examination of individual level data uses results from a residents' satisfaction survey, to examine the relationship between the indicators of sustainability and the views of residents in relation to their neighbourhood. An analysis of the selected questions shows that some of them have a clearer relationship with the sustainability of communities than others. In particular, neighbourhood satisfaction, perception of housing quality and quality of life issues in the neighbourhood appear to be the most useful. In the context of Best Value, it is argued that the council, together with its partners, can address issues relating to neighbourhood level quality of life issues. However, focusing only on these localised concerns will not result in a long term solution in relation to the sustainability of communities. This requires tackling the root level causes which lie beyond the council's direct control or influence.