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On April 20th, 1989, two passersby discovered the mangled body of a \"Central Park jogger\" crumpled in a ravine. Within days five black and Latino teenagers were apprehended, all five confessing to the crime of raping and beating the victim. The minors were tried and convicted as adults despite no evidence linking them to the victim, serving their complete sentences before another man confessed. In this book, Burns recounts the case for the first time since their convictions were overturned.

Characterized by the accumulation of somatic mutations in blood cell lineages, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is frequent in aging and involves the expansion of mutated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/Ps) that leads to an increased risk of hematologic malignancy. However, the risk factors that contribute to CHIP-associated clonal hematopoiesis (CH) are poorly understood. Obesity induces a proinflammatory state and fatty bone marrow (FBM), which may influence CHIP-associated pathologies. We analyzed exome sequencing and clinical data for 47,466 individuals with validated CHIP in the UK Biobank. CHIP was present in 5.8% of the study population and was associated with a significant increase in the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Mouse models of obesity and CHIP driven by heterozygosity of Tet2, Dnmt3a, Asxl1, and Jak2 resulted in exacerbated expansion of mutant HSC/Ps due in part to excessive inflammation. Our results show that obesity is highly associated with CHIP and that a proinflammatory state could potentiate the progression of CHIP to more significant hematologic neoplasia. The calcium channel blockers nifedipine and SKF-96365, either alone or in combination with metformin, MCC950, or anakinra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), suppressed the growth of mutant CHIP cells and partially restored normal hematopoiesis. Targeting CHIP-mutant cells with these drugs could be a potential therapeutic approach to treat CH and its associated abnormalities in individuals with obesity.

\"Presidential war powers have greatly expanded over the last half-century as presidents increasingly initiate acts of war without the prior authorization of Congress and without facing serious consequences. The breakdown in the system of checks on executive power presents a constitutional problem, which has elicited significant scholarly attention in recent years. Sarah Burns looks to the theoretical roots of the separation of powers system in the writings of Montesquieu for guidance in addressing the current crisis. Montesquieu's complex moderate constitutionalism requires both the executive and legislative branches to make public arguments about war and compete for public approval. His argument for the necessity of the struggle between political branches leads to clearer checks on power and fewer rash military operations. The Politics of War Powers demonstrates the link between Montesquieuan and American government and argues that reintegrating Montesquieu's constitutionalism into American politics will provide a healthier model of interaction and dialogue between the President and Congress\"-- Provided by publisher.

\"From one of our most treasured filmmakers, a pictorial history of America-a stunning and moving collection of Ken Burns's favorite photographs\"-- Provided by publisher.

We use matched panels from the Current Population Survey along with a grouping instrumental variables estimator to provide new estimates of the elasticity of taxable income. Our identification strategy exploits the fact that federal and state tax reforms over the past three decades have differentially affected cohorts across states and over time. We find that the elasticity is in the range of 0.4—0.55. The implication of our new estimates for tax policy is that the revenue-maximising tax rate is nearly 30 percentage points lower than that obtained when we use the typical identification strategy in the literature.

Reliable internet connectivity is crucial for family participation in pediatric digital health care, including telehealth. Lack of internet connectivity is a barrier to pediatric telehealth access. While surveys commonly inquire about metrics, such as internet plan or device ownership, fewer measures exist for the reliability of internet connectivity when needed. There is limited knowledge of the national prevalence of reliable internet connectivity among households with children and how reports of reliable internet connectivity are associated with use of internet plans and devices. We examined the prevalence of reliable internet connectivity among households with children and its association with digital technology access and sociodemographic factors. We performed a secondary data analysis of a US national cross-sectional survey examining parents' health-seeking decisions for children younger than 18 years old. The respondent panel was hosted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) AmeriSpeak. This analysis focused on survey items on reliable internet connectivity, digital technology access (internet plan type and device ownership type), and sociodemographic characteristics (education, employment, geographic region, race and ethnicity, and disability) of parent respondents and their children. The dependent variable was a binary indicator of household reliable internet connectivity. Respondents were categorized as having unreliable internet connectivity if they self-reported internet worry or unreliable internet experience. Unadjusted Rao-Scott chi-square tests and adjusted multivariable logistic regressions with sampling weights were applied. The final survey sample (N=1158) comprised 753 (55%) females, 614 (57%) non-Hispanic White, and 948 (81%) metropolitan respondents. There were 125 (12%) parents who reported internet worry, 152 (13%) parents who reported unreliable internet experience, and 76 (7%) parents who reported both. Combining these measures, we identified 201 (19%) parents with unreliable internet connectivity, defined as reporting either internet worry or unreliable internet experience. In contrast, 957 (81%) parents reported reliable internet connectivity in the household. In adjusted analysis, reliable internet connectivity was significantly associated with owning both nonmobile and mobile internet plans combined (86% reliable internet connectivity) versus nonmobile internet plan-only (67%; P=.001); postgraduate (94%) versus high school education (75%; P<.001); employment (84%) versus unemployment (76%; P=<.01); racial and ethnic marginalized status (77%) versus nonmarginalized (85%; P=<.01); and disability (70%) versus without disability (85%; P<.001), but not with device ownership, geographic region, race and ethnicity as separate groups, or parent sex. One-fifth of families with children experienced unreliable internet connectivity, highlighting an important dimension of the digital health divide that appears distinct from internet plan use or device ownership alone. Future research is needed to derive consensus on measuring reliable internet connectivity as a separate metric, including specifying the definition, survey questions, response options, and time frame of unreliability experience. Since reliable internet connectivity is needed for the growing field of digital health care, it is a critical issue for equitable pediatric health care access and delivery.

In the field of global environmental governance, a plethora of international regimes have emerged over the past decades. In some issue areas, multiple regimes aim to govern the issue, sometimes reinforcing, oftentimes conflicting with each other. Consequently, international regime complexes are an empirical phenomenon, which are inherently characterized by specific degrees of fragmentation. For any given issue area, one of the key questions is whether the institutional fragmentation encountered in such regime complexes is synergistic or conflictive in nature. Scrutinizing this question poses methodological challenges of how to delineate a regime complex and how to assess its fragmentation. Drawing on the highly fragmented case of the international forest regime complex, this paper aims to map its institutional fragmentation and to analyse the degrees to which it is conflictive or synergistic. For this we conceptualize the notion of institutional elements and develop a novel method for mapping regime complexes based on their core institutional elements. We then employ tools from the sub-discipline of policy analysis on the complex’s institutional elements for analysing in detail, which of the elements are mutually synergistic and conflictive with other elements of the regime complex. Our results indicate that synergistic relations mostly exist among rather vague elements, often built around sustainability as a core principle. On the contrary, conflictive relations prevail as soon as the elements are designed in more concrete and substantial ways. We conclude that the forest regime complex displays only degree of seemingly synergistic fragmentation through a number of non-decisions and the use of “sustainability” as an empty formula. De facto, conflictive fragmentation prevails among elements of concrete subject matter. This raises questions on whether vast parts of regime complexes merely serve symbolic functions, while conflicts on substance are being camouflaged.

The global adoption of policies promoting sustainable forest management faces challenges, particularly in nations with predominantly privately-owned forests. To address this, there is growing support for fast-growing forest plantations. Typologies of private forest owners emerged worldwide as a tool to understand forest management practices and the engagement with promotion policies considering socio-economic variables, behavior, and perceptions of forest activities. This study aimed to identify fast-growing forest plantation owner types based on socioeconomic factors and assess if these types matched with different forest management practices and attitudes toward forest promotion policies in South America. Using a case of study in Argentina, we carried out surveys among Eucalyptus forest owners (n = 74). We categorized them based on their production activities, forest plantation area, and years in forestry using Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis. Following, we associated these groups with forest management variables and national promotion policies using indicator species analysis. We delineated eight groups: Large, Small and Integrated Forest Owners; Longstanding and New Agricultural-cattle ranching Forest Owners; Large and Small multi productive Forest Owners; and Citrus Forest Owners. Extra-forest productive activities emerged as the most influential variable in constructing our typology. Larger groups tended to exhibit significant associations with innovative management practices, while smaller groups did not. Longstanding forest owners favored maintaining traditional practices, whereas new recommendations were adopted primarily by newer owners. Overall, there was a general trend, but some groups exhibited non-linear associations, suggesting a combined effect of producer size, experience on forestry and productive culture.