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"Burton, Paul"
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Mendelian Randomisation and Causal Inference in Observational Epidemiology
[...]observational evidence that seemed to suggest that vitamin E is protective for cardiovascular disease, beta-carotene for cancer, and, more recently, oestrogen for dementia, has now been refuted [4]. Since only candidate causes with the strongest observational support tend to be followed up in RCTs when these are possible, it is likely that many more reported observational findings are not actually causal [5]. In practice, one can never be sure that the relevant confounders have been identified and accounted for. Besides the fact that RCTs are not feasible or ethical for many exposures of public health relevance, such as toxins, physical activity, or complex nutritional regimes, observational studies also have some advantages over RCTs; for example, the subjects in the latter are not always representative of the population for which an intervention is being considered [6].
Journal Article
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides: past, present, and future
The herbicides that inhibit 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) are primarily used for weed control in corn, barley, oat, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, and wheat production fields in the United States. The objectives of this review were to summarize 1) the history of HPPD-inhibitor herbicides and their use in the United States; 2) HPPD-inhibitor resistant weeds, their mechanism of resistance, and management; 3) interaction of HPPD-inhibitor herbicides with other herbicides; and 4) the future of HPPD-inhibitor-resistant crops. As of 2022, three broadleaf weeds (Palmer amaranth, waterhemp, and wild radish) have evolved resistance to the HPPD inhibitor. The predominance of metabolic resistance to HPPD inhibitor was found in aforementioned three weed species. Management of HPPD-inhibitor-resistant weeds can be accomplished using alternate herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, 2,4-D, or dicamba; however, metabolic resistance poses a serious challenge, because the weeds may be cross-resistant to other herbicide sites of action, leading to limited herbicide options. An HPPD-inhibitor herbicide is commonly applied with a photosystem II (PS II) inhibitor to increase efficacy and weed control spectrum. The synergism with an HPPD inhibitor arises from depletion of plastoquinones, which allows increased binding of a PS II inhibitor to the D1 protein. New HPPD inhibitors from the azole carboxamides class are in development and expected to be available in the near future. HPPD-inhibitor-resistant crops have been developed through overexpression of a resistant bacterial HPPD enzyme in plants and the overexpression of transgenes for HPPD and a microbial gene that enhances the production of the HPPD substrate. Isoxaflutole-resistant soybean is commercially available, and it is expected that soybean resistant to other HPPD inhibitor herbicides such as mesotrione, stacked with resistance to other herbicides, will be available in the near future. Nomenclature: Bicyclopyrone; bipyrazone; isoxaflutole; mesotrione; pyroxasulfotole; tembotrione; tolpyralate; topramezone; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri L.; waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus L.; wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum L.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; corn, Zea mays L.; oat, Avena sativa L.; rice, Oryza sativa L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Journal Article
Decimus Burton : gentleman architect
A contemporary of Soane, Nash and Pugin, Decimus Burton (1800-1881) was one of the most prolific architects of his day and is best known for his work in London's Royal Parks, including: the Wellington Arch and the Serpentine pavilion in Hyde Park; villas and terraces in Regent's Park and the London Zoo; the Temperate house at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the layout and architecture of the seaside towns of Fleetwood and St Leonards-on-Sea, and the spa town of Tunbridge Wells. Other projects include the Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, Adelaide Crescent in Brighton, and Phoenix Park in Dublin. Despite his success, little is known about Burton and this book fully examines his work, from his early years and his father's influence, through his apprenticeship with John Nash, his works in private practice and his growing reputation, to his exploits in town planning and glass houses.
Book
Bayesian refinement of association signals for 14 loci in 3 common diseases
Peter Donnelly and colleagues report fine mapping of 14 susceptibility loci in 8,000 cases and controls for type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and Graves' disease. They apply a new Bayesian method for analysis of fine-mapping data sets, using this to define sets of SNPs likely to contain causal disease-associated variants.
To further investigate susceptibility loci identified by genome-wide association studies, we genotyped 5,500 SNPs across 14 associated regions in 8,000 samples from a control group and 3 diseases: type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD) and Graves' disease. We defined, using Bayes theorem, credible sets of SNPs that were 95% likely, based on posterior probability, to contain the causal disease-associated SNPs. In 3 of the 14 regions,
TCF7L2
(T2D),
CTLA4
(Graves' disease) and
CDKN2A
-
CDKN2B
(T2D), much of the posterior probability rested on a single SNP, and, in 4 other regions (
CDKN2A
-
CDKN2B
(CAD) and
CDKAL1
,
FTO
and
HHEX
(T2D)), the 95% sets were small, thereby excluding most SNPs as potentially causal. Very few SNPs in our credible sets had annotated functions, illustrating the limitations in understanding the mechanisms underlying susceptibility to common diseases. Our results also show the value of more detailed mapping to target sequences for functional studies.
Journal Article
Factors indicating intention to vaccinate with a COVID-19 vaccine among older U.S. adults
The success of vaccination efforts to curb the COVID-19 pandemic will require broad public uptake of immunization and highlights the importance of understanding factors associated with willingness to receive a vaccine. U.S. adults aged 65 and older enrolled in the Heartline.sup.TM clinical study were invited to complete a COVID-19 vaccine assessment through the Heartline.sup.TM mobile application between November 6-20, 2020. Factors associated with willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine were evaluated using an ordered logistic regression as well as a Random Forest classification algorithm. Among 9,106 study participants, 81.3% (n = 7402) responded and had available demographic data. The majority (91.3%) reported a willingness to be vaccinated. Factors most strongly associated with vaccine willingness were beliefs about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccines in general. Women and Black or African American respondents reported lower willingness to vaccinate. Among those less willing to get vaccinated, 66.2% said that they would talk with their health provider before making a decision. During the study, positive results from the first COVID-19 vaccine outcome study were released; vaccine willingness increased after this report. Even among older adults at high-risk for COVID-19 complications who are participating in a longitudinal clinical study, 1 in 11 reported lack of willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine in November 2020. Variability in vaccine willingness by gender, race, education, and income suggests the potential for uneven vaccine uptake. Education by health providers directed toward assuaging concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy can help improve vaccine acceptance among those less willing.
Journal Article
Friendship and Empire
In this bold new interpretation of the origins of ancient Rome's overseas empire, Dr Burton charts the impact of the psychology, language and gestures associated with the Roman concept of amicitia, or 'friendship'. The book challenges the prevailing orthodox Cold War-era realist interpretation of Roman imperialism and argues that language and ideals contributed just as much to Roman empire-building as military muscle. Using a constructivist theoretical framework drawn from international relations, Dr Burton replaces the modern scholarly fiction of a Roman empire built on networks of foreign clients and client-states with an interpretation grounded firmly in the discursive habits of the ancient texts themselves. The results better account for the peculiar rhythms of Rome's earliest period of overseas expansion – brief periods of vigorous military and diplomatic activity, such as the rolling back of Seleucid power in Asia Minor and Greece in 192–188 BC, followed by long periods of inactivity.
eBook
Himalayan Tectonic Belt: Morlet Wavelet Variation and Seismic Harmony
Morlet wavelet analysis is a method of studying the periodic spectrum of non-stationary physical signals and is applied to the Himalayan Tectonic Belt to explore whether there is any seismic periodicity, and to explore the possibility of harmony or commonality of properties among the seismic activities of different zones. The earthquake sequence during 1951–2016 with magnitudes M ≥ 6.0 is analysed. Wavelet non-periodicity for the Centre zone suggests a non-uniform spatial–temporal distribution of earthquake movement between plates which may relate with the rare great earthquakes, while the periodicities for the west and east zones may suggest the concurrence with the adjustment of the tectonic movement of the east- and west-end regions of the Himalayan Tectonic Belt relative to its central core. These three zones collectively form the Himalayan Tectonic Belt. This contains a periodicity of about five years of seismic activity that tests successfully with a 95% confidence statistic. Borrowing from the concept of musical harmony, this is the significant seismic harmonic which reflects the Belt’s pervasive tectonic stress and an overall harmony of continent–continent plate convergence. Morlet wavelet analysis also reveals the Himalayan Tectonic Belt and the Pamir–Hindu Kush Tectonic Zone to be engaged as a big new family: the Himalayan Tectonic Belt Plus. It is demonstrated that this new whole also has seismic harmony with the common property again being the 5-year periodicity. This indicates a unified structure of pervading active stress and seismic harmony permeating the overall seismicity.
Journal Article