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Keumamah is a traditional fish product made from boiled and sun-dried skipjack, tuna, or mackerel. Keumamah has problems with quality decline and short shelf life. Chitosan, known for its antimicrobial properties, and gelatin, recognized for its ability to form protective layers and preserve food color, are promising natural preservatives for fish products. This study aims to evaluate the effects of chitosan and gelatin on the physical, chemical, organoleptic, and microbiological qualities of keumamah fish. The research utilizes a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with three treatments: 1% chitosan, 3% gelatin, and a combination of 1% chitosan and 3% gelatin, assessed over storage periods of 0, 7, and 14 days. Key parameters measured include proximate composition, pH, texture, color, peroxide value, water activity (a w ), total volatile base (TVB), and total plate count (TPC). The findings indicate that chitosan treatment resulted in the lowest TVB value of 43.57 mg/100g and the lowest peroxide value of 5.11 meq/kg, significantly enhancing the preservation of keumamah. Based on organoleptic tests, gelatin treatment effectively maintained the best texture, while chitosan demonstrated superior preservation of color and aroma due to its antimicrobial properties.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can shape sustainable food systems, yet stakeholder perceptions vary across contexts. This systematic review synthesises empirical evidence on how stakeholders interpret and evaluate CSR in sustainable food systems, the impacts associated with these perceptions, and whether findings converge across national settings. We searched Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection through 29 June 2025 for peer-reviewed empirical studies published in 2015–2025 (English; full text). A total of 37 studies from 22 countries met the inclusion criteria. Most studies used quantitative surveys and focused on consumers, while producers, distributors, retailers, non-governmental organisations, and policymakers were examined less often. Recurrent themes include health and environmental concerns, the intention–behaviour gap, and the roles of trust, labelling, and certification in shaping responses to CSR, alongside cross-cultural variation linked to institutional context. Limitations include English-only coverage, regional imbalance, narrow stakeholder coverage in primary studies, and heavy reliance on survey designs. Study quality was considered using CASP/MMAT. Overall, stakeholder perceptions influence the uptake and effectiveness of CSR in food markets. Implications point to transparent disclosure, clear and verifiable labelling, third-party assurance, and more inclusive, context-sensitive research.

Combination of bioactive material such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) with antibacterial agents would have great potential to be used as bone implant materials to avert possible bacterial infection that can lead to implant-associated diseases. The present study aimed to develop an antibacterial silver nanoparticle-decorated hydroxyapatite (HAp/AgNPs) nanocomposite using chemical reduction and thermal calcination approaches. In this work, natural HAp that was extracted from chicken bone wastes is used as support matrix for the deposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to produce HAp/AgNPs nanocomposite. XRD, FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, and XPS analyses confirmed that spherical AgNPs were successfully synthesized and deposited on the surface of HAp particles, and the amount of AgNPs adhered on the HAp surface increased with increasing AgNO3 concentration used. The synthesized HAp/AgNPs nanocomposites demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, where the antibacterial efficiency is relied on the amount and size of deposited AgNPs. In addition, the in vitro bioactivity examination in Hank’s balanced salt solution showed that more apatite were grown on the surface of HAp/AgNPs nanocomposite when AgNO3 concentration used >1 wt.%. Such nanocomposite with enhanced bioactivity and antibacterial properties emerged as a promising biomaterial to be applied for dentistry and orthopedic implantology.

Hurricanes create compound hazards such as storm surge, flooding, and wind-driven debris that can degrade roadway capacity, fragment network connectivity, and hinder evacuation and shelter operations. From a sustainability perspective, improving evacuation planning is essential for reducing disaster-related losses, protecting vulnerable populations, and strengthening the resilience of coastal communities facing intensifying climate-driven hazards. This paper develops a micro-scale, agent-based evacuation modeling framework to assess evacuation performance under baseline and compound-hazard conditions, with emphasis on municipal decision support. The framework is demonstrated for Westbrook, Connecticut, at the census block-group scale in AnyLogic by integrating household locations, vehicle availability, road-network connectivity, and shelter capacities from publicly available datasets. Evacuation propensity and destination choice are parameterized using survey data, enabling empirically grounded decisions for in-town versus out-of-town evacuation among household-vehicle agents. Compound disruptions are represented through flood-related road closures derived from SLOSH storm-surge outputs and stochastic wind-related disruptions that dynamically constrain accessibility during the simulation. Scenarios are evaluated for Saffir–Simpson Category 1–2 and Category 3–4 hurricanes under baseline and compound conditions. Model outputs quantify normalized evacuation time, congestion and critical intersections, shelter demand and unmet capacity, evacuation failure, and spatial heterogeneity across block groups. Results indicate that compound flooding substantially increases evacuation times and failure rates, with the largest performance degradation concentrated in higher-vulnerability areas. Optimization experiments further compare the effectiveness of behavioral shifts, shelter-capacity expansion, and earlier departure timing in reducing delays and unmet shelter demand. Overall, the proposed framework provides transparent, reproducible, and scalable analytics that town engineers and emergency planners can use to evaluate evacuation readiness under compound hurricane impacts.

Living walls are becoming a widely used water-sensitive urban design technology that can deliver various economic, social and environmental benefits. One such benefit is to cool the surrounding environment through the process of evapotranspiration. This study measured the evapotranspiration from an instrumented prototype-scale living wall and calculated the resulting evaporative cooling effect. The range of the measured evapotranspiration rates from the living wall was from 41 to 90 mL/mm per plant pot. This equated to latent heat of vaporisation values from 171 to 383 MJ/month/m2. This was then compared with the performance of a non-vegetated water-sensitive urban design technology, namely, a porous concrete pavement. For a typical summer month in a warm temperate climate, it was found that a porous concrete pavement system only had between 4 and 15% of the cooling effect of an equivalent living wall.

Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) sensors that have been developed and widely used for glucose monitoring have generally relied on electrochemical principle. In this study, the potential use of colorimetric method for glucose detection utilizing glucose oxidase-magnetic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is explored. Magnetic cellulose nanocrystals (magnetic CNCs) were fabricated using iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) via electrostatic self-assembly technique. Glucose oxidase was successfully immobilized on magnetic CNCs using carbodiimide-coupling reaction. About 33% of GOx was successfully attached on magnetic CNCs, and the affinity of GOx-magnetic CNCs to glucose molecules was slightly higher than free enzymes. Furthermore, immobilization does not affect the specificity of GOx-magnetic CNCs towards glucose and can detect glucose from 0.25 mM to 2.5 mM. Apart from that, GOx-magnetic CNCs stored at 4 °C for 4 weeks retained 70% of its initial activity and can be recycled for at least ten consecutive cycles.

Evacuation planning is increasingly challenged by compound hazards in which interacting threats degrade infrastructure, influence human behavior, and destabilize transportation systems. Although agent-based models and dynamic traffic simulations have advanced substantially, much of the evacuation literature remains hazard-specific, case-bound, or difficult to transfer across regions. In parallel, transportation resilience research shows that multi-hazard effects are often non-additive and that cascading infrastructure failures can amplify disruption beyond directly affected areas, raising important sustainability concerns related to community safety, infrastructure continuity, social equity, and long-term planning capacity. These realities motivate the development of evacuation modeling frameworks that are modular, adaptable, and capable of representing co-evolving behavioral and network processes under compound hazard conditions. This review synthesizes advances in evacuation agent-based modeling, dynamic traffic assignment, hazard-induced network degradation, and compound disaster research to propose an adaptable compound-hazard evacuation framework integrating three interdependent layers: hazard processes, transportation network dynamics, and agent decision-making. The proposed framework is organized around four principles: (1) modular hazard representation, (2) decoupling behavioral decision logic from hazard physics, (3) dynamic network state evolution, and (4) neighborhood-scale performance metrics. To support sustainable and equitable local planning, the framework prioritizes spatially resolved outputs, including neighborhood clearance time, isolation probability, accessibility loss, and shelter demand imbalance. By emphasizing modularity, configurability, and policy-relevant metrics, this review connects methodological advances in evacuation modeling to the broader sustainability goals of resilient infrastructure systems, inclusive disaster risk reduction, and locally informed emergency planning.

Scholarship on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has progressed to encompass a variety of theoretical frameworks. The adoption of Stakeholder Theory is prominent with regard to CSR among big businesses but its applicability towards micro and small businesses is contested. Micro and small businesses possess distinct differences most notably their less formal structure and more pronounced indigenous cultural diversity. To expand scholarship on CSR, this research explores the relatively less studied realm of micro businesses or informal businesses. Due to their rudimentary structure, micro businesses normally operate with other organizations, institutions, and each other, and are thus intricately linked with the local community. Hence, this research explores a locality and institution where micro businesses thrive—Jelutong wet market in Penang, Malaysia. This research offers a rare and arguably novel perspective. Firstly, the micro businesses are operating alongside and constantly interacting with each other within the institutional setting of a wet market (\"Wet markets\" in Malaysia are akin to farmers' markets in America. They are usually established and operated by the local city or municipal council. Wet markets typically consist of a main market building and the surrounding roads and open areas. Meats, poultry, seafood, and vegetables are usually sold in the main market building that is sheltered. Slaughtering and de-feathering of poultry, and butchering of pork, beef, and lamb are usually conducted at the building premise and the floor is frequently wet hence the term \"wet market.\" The surrounding roads and open areas usually sell vegetables, fruits, hardware, clothing, toys, street hawker food, economy rice, savories, and a plethora of other goods and services.). Secondly, the said wet market is located in Penang, Malaysia that is highly diverse in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion, language, age, and socioeconomics. The fieldwork employs multiple local languages for a high degree of authenticity and richness in data. Thirdly, this research adopts the methodology of phenomenology with a multi-layered approach. The fieldwork consists of thirty (30) primary interviews followed by five (5) verification interviews all conducted in local languages the respondents are most comfortable in expressing themselves, fifteen (15) non-participant observations, and ten (10) participant observations. An abductive research strategy is adopted and first-order constructs in the form of everyday typifications are adduced. The first-order constructs are analyzed along the layers of Carroll's Pyramid of CSR. Subsequently, the second-order constructs are iteratively analyzed and three (3) typologies on CSR among micro businesses emerged. Finally, the findings from the second-order constructs are superimposed back onto the Pyramid of CSR. A different Pyramid of CSR emerges with fresh insights on the phenomenon of CSR among micro businesses. Retroductive reflection, reasoning, and analysis reveal Social Capital Theory as the most suitable theoretical framework and the implications for CSR scholarship are discussed.

Large-scale food-borne outbreaks caused by Salmonella are rarely seen nowadays, thanks to the advanced nature of the medical system. However, small, localised outbreaks in certain regions still exist and could possess a huge threat to the public health if eradication measure is not initiated. This review discusses the progress of Salmonella detection approaches covering their basic principles, characteristics, applications, and performances. Conventional Salmonella detection is usually performed using a culture-based method, which is time-consuming, labour intensive, and unsuitable for on-site testing and high-throughput analysis. To date, there are many detection methods with a unique detection system available for Salmonella detection utilising immunological-based techniques, molecular-based techniques, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, optical phenotyping, and biosensor methods. The electrochemical biosensor has growing interest in Salmonella detection mainly due to its excellent sensitivity, rapidity, and portability. The use of a highly specific bioreceptor, such as aptamers, and the application of nanomaterials are contributing factors to these excellent characteristics. Furthermore, insight on the types of biorecognition elements, the principles of electrochemical transduction elements, and the miniaturisation potential of electrochemical biosensors are discussed.

Dental caries is a global oral health issue, especially critical in children, affecting their growth, nutrition, and education due to school absences or distractions from dental pain. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between school types (indicative of socioeconomic conditions) and dental caries prevalence among primary school children in Riyadh, alongside assessing the overall caries prevalence among schoolchildren in Riyadh. Retrospective study on 28,343 first and fourth-grade students from 960 public and private schools in Riyadh, using data from the Saudi Ministry of Health (Feb-April 2019). Utilized the DMFT/dmft index for assessment and collected demographic data. Most of the schools were public (76.1%), private national (17.1%), and private international (6.8%). Overall, the mean DMFT index for permanent teeth and the dmft index for primary teeth were 1.78 and 1.94, respectively. 58% of school children had no dental caries, 25% had mild caries, and 17% had moderate to severe caries. Public school children showed a higher caries prevalence than private schools. Oral disease rates were higher in girls than in boys, and grade four students had a higher prevalence than grade one students. Saudi Arabia, a developing nation, faces challenges in addressing oral health, especially in public schools. Targeted initiatives are crucial for awareness, preventive measures, and meeting oral health needs.