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Neuromodulatory systems, such as the cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF), are promising targets of behavioral neuroscientific research because of the clear role(s) they play in fundamental neural and behavioral plasticity processes. Previous research suggests that the CBF is a promising target for augmenting post-stroke behavioral rehabilitation. Several studies were conducted to establish a novel paradigm for investigating and ameliorating post-stroke related motor deficits in a rodent model. The first two studies describe the invention and validation of a novel apparatus for conducting individualized rodent research in an environmentally and socially enriched context. The second study specifically investigated how this approach yields novel insights into post-stroke motor deficits. The third study describes how electrical stimulation of the CBF may improve post-stroke motor rehabilitation. Together, these studies are expected to improve current stroke models, our understanding of how the CBF supports fundamental learning processes, and how to best manipulate the CBF to improve recovery from neurological injury.

Mindfulness is a multifaceted construct involving attending to one's experiences in the present moment with qualities including being accepting, nonjudgmental, flexible, and nonreactive. Measuring mindfulness is an iterative process that maximally informs empirical investigation and, eventually, clinical manipulation of its facets. There are a number of issues to consider when assessing mindfulness with children, such as age-appropriateness of items, perceived comprehension ability (e.g., abstract, concrete), limitations with regard to self-reflection, and tailoring factor structure and sophistication to respondent developmental stage. This chapter discusses the two most empirically supported mindfulness measures for children and adolescents-the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) and the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale-Adolescents (MAAS-A)-and promising newer measures such as the Comprehensive Inventory of Mindfulness Experiences-Adolescents (CHIME-A) and the Adolescent and Adult Mindfulness Scale (AAMS). Behavioral observation is discussed as an alternative or complementary way of measuring mindfulness because of the limitations of using rating scales alone. In essence, behavioral observations provide overt correlates of mindfulness. The chapter also includes a discussion of assessment of constructs related to mindfulness, such as psychological flexibility, experiential avoidance, and cognitive fusion. Finally, the chapter briefly presents the argument that it is important to measure mindfulness in parents because it helps in understanding the context of children's behavior. This chapter discusses the two most empirically supported mindfulness measures for children and adolescents the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) and the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale-Adolescents (MAAS-A) and promising newer measures such as the Comprehensive Inventory of Mindfulness Experiences-Adolescents (CHIME-A) and the Adolescent and Adult Mindfulness Scale (AAMS). The chapter includes a discussion of assessment of constructs related to mindfulness, such as psychological flexibility, experiential avoidance, and cognitive fusion. It presents the argument that it is important to measure mindfulness in parents because it helps in understanding the context of children's behavior. Mindfulness is a multifaceted construct involving attending to one's experiences in the present moment with qualities including being accepting, nonjudgmental, flexible, and nonreactive. Mindfulness is important to measure in children and adolescents, given its pragmatic utility. The chapter examines the current status of mindfulness measures for children and adolescents, as well as identify future directions for improving measurement.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is considered a contextual cognitive behavioural approach to psychotherapy that has developed out of both traditional behaviour analysis and contemporary interest in mindfulness and acceptance processes. This chapter introduces ACT as a therapeutic approach. ACT is guided by a pragmatic philosophy of science called functional contextualism. The role of mindfulness in ACT is rooted in Relational Frame Theory, a behavioural account of human language and cognition. The basic research underlying ACT highlights a primary source of psychological suffering, the tendency for behaviour to be overly guided by internal experiences, or attempts to avoid these experiences, at the expense of more effective or meaningful action. This process is referred to as psychological inflexibility, and it is the core pathological process targeted in ACT. ACT is fundamentally a behaviour therapy, and the goal of a course of ACT is to develop expanding patterns of behaviour that are consistent with values.