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Concorde remains one of the most iconic and most beautiful aircraft ever to take to the skies and as a result many aspects of its development and its operational career have been covered frequently both in books and magazine articles. However, this book provides genuinely new perspectives on the Concorde program as it explores how this great aircraft came into being, concentrating both on the design and development aspects of the airliner and on the political background to this exercise in Anglo-French collaboration. Early chapters look at the various supersonic transport proposals mooted both in Britain and France before Concorde. The following sections examine areas relating to the practical difficulties of supersonic flight such as supersonic booms. The narrative then moves on to how the British and French work was merged into a single program. Later portions of the book describe the flight test program leading up to service entry in 1976 and the text is complimented by an extensive range of photographs and drawings, a great many of which are previously unpublished.

Digital inequity refers to the inequality and exclusion experienced by those who lack the same opportunities or circumstances to support the development of digital skills as the rest of modern society. One rapidly growing and highly vulnerable group to digital inequity is older people attempting to reintegrate into society after release from prison, where technology access is limited. Inadequate support for digital skills in this population entails widespread consequences for public health, human rights, social welfare and recidivism. This qualitative study is the first to: examine digital inequity experienced by older people who have been incarcerated, understand the effects of this on reintegration to society, and begin informing appropriate solutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with N = 15 older people (mean age = 57) who had been released from an Australian prison in the last two years, regarding their experiences of digital literacy since leaving prison. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted under a critical realist lens. The analysis resulted in six themes that illustrated the extent of digital inequity experienced by this population, and key challenges for improving digital literacy: 'surviving in a digital world', 'stranger in a foreign world', 'questioning the digital divide', 'overcoming your \"old\" self', 'don't like what you don't know', and 'seeking versus finding help'. The digital inequity that older people experience during and after incarceration creates additional challenges for a growing group who are already medically and socially marginalised. Prioritisation of this group for digital literacy initiatives both during incarceration and in the community will have benefits for their health, social and financial reintegration. Their unique life experiences should be considered in designing and delivering these programs. Simultaneously, prisons should be cognizant of the potential detrimental effects of technology restriction on reintegration and criminogenic outcomes.

Background Impulsivity, a behaviour often associated with reactive violence to perceived provocation or stress is a key risk factor for Domestic Violence (DV) perpetration. This study explores the experiences of women on related men’s changes in impulsivity and DV following men’s participation in the ReINVEST clinical trial that investigated whether the commonly used antidepressant sertraline would reduce impulsivity and domestic violence. Methods The study conducted in-depth interviews with 27 women ex(partners) and family members living in New South Wales, Australia. Critical Realism and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) underpinned the analysis and interpretation of findings. Results Most women (92.3%, n  = 24) reported some or significant changes in impulsivity and DV or intimate partner violence (IPV) following the participation of related men in the trial. Many changes were reported at the individual (e.g., self-regulation), partner or family (e.g., feeling safer), and social levels (e.g., employment). Analysis using critical realism and SDT identified three themes ( Determination to change , Enabling environment , and Continuum of changes ) that illustrated the underlying mechanisms and causal explanations of the changes women experienced among themselves and the trial participants. Conclusions The experiences of women revealed the benefit of antidepressant sertraline in reducing impulsivity and DV or IPV when supported with other interventions (e.g., counselling and follow-up support by clinicians). The behaviour change processes described using critical realism and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) demonstrated the potential of SDT-grounded approaches in reducing impulsivity and its associated effects on intimate partner violence (IPV) or domestic violence (DV). Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12613000442707, registered on 18/04/2013.

ObjectiveTo describe the current international, regional and national standards on prison cell spatial density and the evidence for the association between COVID-19 transmission and prison crowding measures to provide recommendations on prison cell spatial density standards for a (post) pandemic world.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPubMed, ProQuest, Informit, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Google were searched up to November 2021.Eligibility criteriaGuidelines were included provided they described standards of prison accommodation with respect to prison cells. Studies were included provided they examined an association between COVID-19 cases and a crowding measure.Data extraction and synthesisData were extracted by one reviewer and cross-checked by another. Quantitative and qualitative data on prison cell standards and characteristics of studies examining an association between COVID-19 and prison crowding were collected.Findings were synthesised qualitatively.ResultsSeventeen reports and six studies met eligibility criteria. International and regional standards on cell spatial density were mostly qualitative, with two quantifiable international standards located (3.4 m2 and 3.5 m2 per person for multiple occupancy cells), and two quantifiable regional standards located (4 m2 per person (Europe) and 5.75 m2 or 4 m2 per person (Australia and New Zealand)). Country-based standards varied substantially, ranging from 1.25 m2 per person (Pakistan) to 10 m2 per person (Netherlands). Consideration of airborne transmission of disease in prisons were mostly overlooked or absent to rationalise standards. There was consistent evidence that prison crowding measures were associated with COVID-19 transmission/cases.ConclusionConsidering the physics of respiratory emissions, we recommend prison cell spatial density standards be updated to reflect graded levels of risk that consider other factors that combine to inform airborne transmission risk. Decarceration strategies should be considered and become vital if standards are not met.

ObjectiveTo summarise the extent and quality of evidence on the association between prison cell spatial density (a measure of crowding) and infectious and communicable diseases transmission among prisoners.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesEmbase, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, PsycExtra, ProQuest Databases, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Index to Legal Periodicals, InformitOnline, Cochrane Library, Criminal Justice Abstracts and ICONDA were searched to 31 December 2018.Eligibility criteriaStudies that reported on the association between prison cell spatial density (measured in square feet or square metres of cell floor area per person) and infectious and communicable diseases in juvenile and adult populations incarcerated in a correctional facility.Data extraction and synthesisA review protocol was developed in consultation with an advisory panel. Two reviewers independently extracted data and used the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council’s (NHMRC) checklist to critically appraise individual studies. An assessment of the overall body of the evidence was conducted using the NHMRC’s Evidence Scale and Statement Form.ResultsA total of 5126 articles were initially identified with seven included in the review from Pakistan (2003), Chile (2016), Nigeria (2012, 2013) and the USA (1980s). Infectious and communicable disease outcomes included pneumococcal disease/acute pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis infection, infectious skin conditions and contagious disease reporting to the prison clinic. Five articles reported statistically significant positive associations but were countered by associations possibly being explained by chance, bias or confounding factors. Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis.ConclusionOverall, the body of evidence provides some support for an association between prison cell special density and infectious and communicable diseases, but care should be taken in the interpretation and transferability of the findings. Future research and policy responses should adequately consider prospective mediating factors implicated in associations between cell spatial density and health effects.

Background The challenging nature of studies with incarcerated populations and other offender groups can impede the conduct of research, particularly that involving complex study designs such as randomised control trials and clinical interventions. Providing an overview of study designs employed in this area can offer insights into this issue and how research quality may impact on health and justice outcomes. Methods We used a rule-based approach to extract study designs from a sample of 34,481 PubMed abstracts related to epidemiological criminology published between 1963 and 2023. The results were compared against an accepted hierarchy of scientific evidence. Results We evaluated our method in a random sample of 100 PubMed abstracts. An F1-Score of 92.2% was returned. Of 34,481 study abstracts, almost 40.0% (13,671) had an extracted study design. The most common study design was observational (37.3%; 5101) while experimental research in the form of trials (randomised, non-randomised) was present in 16.9% (2319). Mapped against the current hierarchy of scientific evidence, 13.7% (1874) of extracted study designs could not be categorised. Among the remaining studies, most were observational (17.2%; 2343) followed by systematic reviews (10.5%; 1432) with randomised controlled trials accounting for 8.7% (1196) of studies and meta-analysis for 1.4% (190) of studies. Conclusions It is possible to extract epidemiological study designs from a large-scale PubMed sample computationally. However, the number of trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis is relatively small – just 1 in 5 articles. Despite an increase over time in the total number of articles, study design details in the abstracts were missing. Epidemiological criminology still lacks the experimental evidence needed to address the health needs of the marginalized and isolated population that is prisoners and offenders.

Objectives(1) Examine the associations between imprisonment history and mortality among adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities and (2) examine the associations between receipt of disability services and post-release mortality among adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities released from prison.DesignPopulation-based data-linkage cohort study using historical administrative data.SettingNew South Wales (NSW), Australia.Participants67 217 adults aged ≥18 years (59.1% male) with one or more neurodevelopmental disabilities in NSW, Australia, from July 2001 to June 2015.Outcome measuresThe main outcome measure was all-cause mortality. In the full cohort, we used Cox regression to examine the associations between release from imprisonment and all-cause mortality. In a subcohort of those released from prison, we used Poisson regression to examine the associations between receipt of disability services and post-release all-cause mortality.Results3.3% of participants (n=2214) were imprisoned and released at least once during follow-up. In all age groups<55 years, age-specific all-cause mortality rates were higher in those released from prison than in those who were not imprisoned. In Cox regression models, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, release from prison was associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with never imprisonment (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.50 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.92)); however, this association was no longer present after further adjustment for mental illness, substance use and physical comorbidity (aHR 1.02 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.31)). Among those released from prison, being known to the prison disability service was associated with higher post-release mortality (adjusted mortality rate ratio (aMRR) 1.97 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.30)), whereas receipt of community disability services was not associated with post-release mortality (aMRR 1.09 (95% CI 0.55 to 2.15)).ConclusionsAmong adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities, mortality was increased among those released from prison compared with their peers who had not been imprisoned, although this was largely explained by health-related factors, including mental illness, substance use and physical comorbidity. Comprehensive policy and service system responses are required to meet the health and safety needs of people with neurodevelopmental disabilities who have complex needs, including criminal legal system involvement, mental illness and substance use.

Introduction Police reports made following attendance at various events (e.g., crashes, domestic violence, theft) often contain rich contextual details including indicators of mental health issues or abuse types, and persons/entities involved and their relationships, which are not typically captured in structured administrative data, interviews or official statistics. However, the sheer volume of information along with strict data access protocols render manual analysis impractical. Computational text analysis methods offer a feasible and effective approach to automatically process this underutilized data source. Aim This article is an overview of studies using computational text analysis (e.g., text mining, natural language processing (NLP)), on unstructured police data, serving as a guide for researchers interested in employing similar methodologies. Methods This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-SCR guidelines, following the two screening processes (title/abstract and full text screening) and the development of a pre-defined protocol. A search was conducted across seven electronic databases (ProQuest, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Google Scholar) covering the past 20 years. Results A total of 5426 records were identified. After removing duplicate entries and screening titles/abstracts and full-text publications, 61 studies met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were published between 2004 and 2024, with most from the United States, Australia and the Netherlands. Most studies used opensource tools: Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), natural language tool kit (NLTK), scikit-learn, or General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) to analyze unstructured police data. Our review indicates applications of computational text analysis on unstructured police data have moderate to high performance. Common limitations included variable data quality, with reliability depending on the level of detail provided by the police report’s author, and failure to report ethical implications or methodological limitations. Conclusions Computational text analysis can extract key information from unstructured police data. However, future research should clearly report ethics approvals and implications, and methodological limitations. Establishing a structured data-sharing framework between law enforcement and researchers is also crucial to facilitate access and support high quality, impactful research in this field.

The police attend numerous domestic violence events each year, recording details of these events as both structured (coded) data and unstructured free-text narratives. Abuse types (including physical, psychological, emotional, and financial) conducted by persons of interest (POIs) along with any injuries sustained by victims are typically recorded in long descriptive narratives. We aimed to determine if an automated text mining method could identify abuse types and any injuries sustained by domestic violence victims in narratives contained in a large police dataset from the New South Wales Police Force. We used a training set of 200 recorded domestic violence events to design a knowledge-driven approach based on syntactical patterns in the text and then applied this approach to a large set of police reports. Testing our approach on an evaluation set of 100 domestic violence events provided precision values of 90.2% and 85.0% for abuse type and victim injuries, respectively. In a set of 492,393 domestic violence reports, we found 71.32% (351,178) of events with mentions of the abuse type(s) and more than one-third (177,117 events; 35.97%) contained victim injuries. \"Emotional/verbal abuse\" (33.46%; 117,488) was the most common abuse type, followed by \"punching\" (86,322 events; 24.58%) and \"property damage\" (22.27%; 78,203 events). \"Bruising\" was the most common form of injury sustained (51,455 events; 29.03%), with \"cut/abrasion\" (28.93%; 51,284 events) and \"red marks/signs\" (23.71%; 42,038 events) ranking second and third, respectively. The results suggest that text mining can automatically extract information from police-recorded domestic violence events that can support further public health research into domestic violence, such as examining the relationship of abuse types with victim injuries and of gender and abuse types with risk escalation for victims of domestic violence. Potential also exists for this extracted information to be linked to information on the mental health status.

Background Cross-sectional and retrospective offence data are often used to classify sex offenders in epidemiological and survey research, but little empirical evidence exists regarding the practical implications of this for applied research. This study describes the classification of sex offenders from a cohort of prisoners recruited as part of an Australian inmate health survey and the implications for reporting results. Methods Data-linkage was used to join the New South Wales (NSW) Inmate Health Surveys to the states re-offending database to identify men with histories of sexual offending. Sex offenders were classified into men who sexually offended against children only (ChildSOs), against adults only (AdultSOs), and men who sexually offended against both children and adults (Age-PolySOs). Results Using historical offending data rather than the current offence information only, an additional 35.4% of men with histories of sexual offences were identified. Differences were found between the three sex offender subgroups in terms of demographic characteristics, health, and criminal careers. Age-PolySOs reported higher educational attainment, were less likely to report being self-employed, single marital status, and having children. Half the ChildSOs self-reported a mental health issue and half of the ChildSOs and Age-PolySOs reported four or more chronic health conditions. Age-PolySOs were older than the other sex offender groups when committing their first non-sexual, non-violent crime ( M  = 43.2 years, SD  = 13.8); violent crime ( M =  39.5 years, SD  = 11.1); and sexual crime ( M =  47.8 years, SD  = 11.2). Age-PolySOs also committed more sexual offences ( M =  5.91, SD  = 11.2) compared to those who only offended against one victim age group. Conclusion These findings suggested that historical offending records should be used to more accurately identify sex offender subgroups and that differences in demographic, health, and criminal careers exist for the different sex offender subgroups.