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"Butter, Michael"
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Conspiracy Theories in the United States and the Middle East
The linguae& litterae series, edited by Peter Auer, Gesa von Essen and Werner Frick, documents the research activities of the School of Languageand Literature of the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS). These research activities in literary studies and linguistics are characterized by an approach that is theoretically and methodologically \"state of the art\" and interdisciplinarily open. In linguistics the accent is on the corpus-based, quantitative and qualitative investigation of language; in literary studies the focus is on the comparative, transdisciplinary analysis of literary phenomena in their cultural contexts. At the same time the series deals with the productive interfaces and synergies between modern linguistics and literary studies (as well as the humanities, social and natural sciences with which they interact). It seeks a new, contemporary reformulation of the humanities research curriculum and its problem and concept orientation for the future. The series has a clear international orientation - each volume is multilingual, containing German, English and French contributions and, depending on the volume, articles in Italian or Spanish as well. Each individual volume is peer reviewed by an international editorial board. Each year 2-4 volumes are published.
eBook
Plots, Designs, and Schemes
Plots, Designs, and Schemes is the first study that investigates the long history of American conspiracy theories from the perspective of literary and cultural studies. Since research in these fields has so far almost exclusively focused on the contemporary period, the book concentrates on the time before 1960. Four detailed case studies offer close readings of the Salem witchcraft crisis of 1692, fears of Catholic invasion during the 1830s to 1850s, antebellum conspiracy theories about slavery, and anxieties about Communist subversion during the 1950s. The study primarily engages with factual texts, such as sermons, pamphlets, political speeches, and confessional narratives, but it also analyzes how fears of conspiracy were dramatized and negotiated in fictional texts, such as Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown (1835) or Hermann Melville's Benito Cereno (1855).
The book offers three central insights:
1. The American predilection for conspiracy theorizing can be traced back to the co-presence and persistence of a specific epistemological paradigm that relates all effects to intentional human action, the ideology of republicanism, and the Puritan heritage.
2. Until far into the twentieth century, conspiracy theories were considered a perfectly legitimate form of knowledge. As such, they shaped how many Americans, elites as well as \"common\" people, understood and reacted to historical events. The Revolutionary War and the Civil War would not have occurred without widespread conspiracy theories.
3. Although most extant research claims the opposite, conspiracy theories have never been as marginal and unimportant as in the past decades. Their disqualification as stigmatized knowledge only occurred around 1960, and coincided with a shift from theories that detect conspiracies directed against the government to conspiracies by the government.
eBook
Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories
Taking a global and interdisciplinary approach, the Routledge Handbook of
Conspiracy Theories provides a comprehensive overview of conspiracy
theories as an important social, cultural and political phenomenon in contemporary
life.
This handbook provides the most complete analysis of the phenomenon to date. It
analyses conspiracy theories from a variety of perspectives, using both qualitative
and quantitative methods. It maps out the key debates, and includes chapters on the
historical origins of conspiracy theories, as well as their political significance
in a broad range of countries and regions. Other chapters consider the psychology
and the sociology of conspiracy beliefs, in addition to their changing cultural
forms, functions and modes of transmission. This handbook examines where conspiracy
theories come from, who believes in them and what their consequences are.
This book presents an important resource for students and scholars from a range of
disciplines interested in the societal and political impact of conspiracy theories,
including Area Studies, Anthropology, History, Media and Cultural Studies, Political
Science, Psychology and Sociology.
eBook
Bad History, Useless Prophecy
When Hillary Clinton explicitly commented on Donald Trump's conspiracy theorizing for the only time during the 2016 presidential campaign at a rally in Reno NV in Aug 2016, she accused him of exploiting \"prejudice and paranoia\" and turning the fringe of the Republican party into its center. She did not mention Hofstadter by name, but it could not have been more obvious that she (and her speech writers) was drawing on the concept of the \"paranoid style.\" Of course, she was by no means the only one to do this to make sense of Trump. The New York Times, the Washington Post, Salon.com, the New Republic and many other media outlets on both sides of the Atlantic used Hofstadter's ideas and terminology to characterize Trump, and many still do. As Butter argued, this is understandable and convenient but highly problematic because Hofstadter pathologizes belief in conspiracy theories. Although he at times claims to do something else, he locates the origins of such beliefs ultimately in psychological defects and does not adequately consider that conspiracy theories are sometimes responses to real social grievances.
Journal Article
Multi-Resolution Remote Sensing Dataset for the Detection of Anthropogenic Litter: A Multi-Platform and Multi-Sensor Approach
The dataset developed within the PlasticObs+ project aims to facilitate a multi-resolution approach for detecting and quantifying anthropogenic litter through areal images. Traditional detection methods often suffer from narrow, use-case-specific limitations, reducing their transferability. To address this, an image dataset was created featuring various spatial and spectral resolutions. The highest spatial resolution images (ground sampling distance = 0.2 cm) were used to generate a labeled dataset, which was georeferenced for mapping onto coarser-resolution images.
Journal Article