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Material of the antiarch placoderm Bothriolepis from the middle Givetian of the Valentia Slate Formation in Iveragh Peninsula, Ireland, is described and attributed to a new species, B . dairbhrensis sp. nov. A revision of the genus Bothriolepis is proposed, and its taxonomic content and previous phylogenetic analyses are reviewed, as well as the validity of morphologic characteristics considered important for the establishment of the genus, such as the shape of the preorbital recess of the neurocranium. A series of computerised phylogenetic analyses was performed, which reveals that our new species is the sister taxon to the Frasnian Scottish form B . gigantea . New phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of the genus Bothriolepis together with comparisons between faunal assemblages reveal a first northward dispersal wave from Gondwana to Euramerica at the latest in the mid Givetian. Other Euramerican species of Bothriolepis seem to belong to later dispersal waves from Gondwana, non-excluding southward waves from Euramerica. Questions remain open such as the taxonomic validity and stratigraphic constraints for the most ancient forms of Bothriolepis in China, and around the highly speciose nature of the genus.

The observed zonal sea surface temperature gradient in the tropical Pacific has strengthened over the last 150 years, but many CMIP6 models simulate a forced weakening of this gradient over the same period. This has spurred a multi-decade debate over whether models are correctly representing dynamics in the tropical Pacific and whether the observed strengthening is a forced response. We comprehensively assess all observed and modeled gradient trends of 20 years or longer from 1870-2024 across five observational datasets and 14 CMIP6 large ensembles and find that models are not able to match many long-term trends in the observed gradient, especially those that end more recently. Models that are able to match these trends do so through excessive internal variability that compensates for their gradient-weakening forced responses. We additionally find that trends in the observed gradient strengthen at an increasing rate with time, a forced response that is in contrast to the behavior of most models. Climate models cannot match long-term observed changes in the tropical Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient, implying that model responses to increasing radiative forcing from atmospheric greenhouse gases are diverging from the real world.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280208.].

•Recombinant DNA technologies are leading the rapid expansion of bispecific antibody formats.•The therapeutic potential of bispecific antibodies is being realized through creative design.•Bispecific antibodies are potentially underutilized reagents for diagnostics. Artificial manipulation of antibody genes has facilitated the production of several unique recombinant antibody formats, which have highly important therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Although bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are not new, they are coming to the forefront as our knowledge of the potential efficacy of antibody-based therapeutics expands. The next generation of bsAbs is developing due to significant improvements in recombinant antibody technologies. This review focuses on recent advances with a particular focus on improvements in format and design that are contributing to the resurgence of bsAbs, and in particular, on innovative structures applicable to next generation point-of-care (POC) devices with applicability to low resource environments.

The placenta is a temporary organ present during pregnancy that is responsible for coordinating all aspects of pregnancy between the mother and fetus. It has a distinct epigenetic, transcriptomic, and mutational landscape with low levels of methylation, high numbers of transcribed loci, and a high mutational burden relative to somatic tissues. We present this landscape through the application of nanopore sequencing technology to provide a more comprehensive picture of female placental genomics and methylomics along with integrated haplotype-resolved transcriptomic analyses across eight trios. Whole genome sequencing of trios allows robust phasing, permitting comprehensive genome-wide investigation of parent-of-origin methylation and transcription. This enhanced view facilitates identifications of many differentially methylated regions (DMRs), both conserved and differing between individuals, as well as previously unreported imprinted genes including ILDR2 and RASA1 which are potentially important for healthy placental and fetal development. The placenta is a crucial organ required for human pregnancy which has a unique epigenetic and gene expression landscape. Here, the authors have applied nanopore whole genome sequencing technology to provide a comprehensive map of the placental methylome focused on allele-specific effects.

Material of the antiarch placoderm Bothriolepis from the middle Givetian of the Valentia Slate Formation in Iveragh Peninsula, Ireland, is described and attributed to a new species, B. dairbhrensis sp. nov. A revision of the genus Bothriolepis is proposed, and its taxonomic content and previous phylogenetic analyses are reviewed, as well as the validity of morphologic characteristics considered important for the establishment of the genus, such as the shape of the preorbital recess of the neurocranium. A series of computerised phylogenetic analyses was performed, which reveals that our new species is the sister taxon to the Frasnian Scottish form B. gigantea. New phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of the genus Bothriolepis together with comparisons between faunal assemblages reveal a first northward dispersal wave from Gondwana to Euramerica at the latest in the mid Givetian. Other Euramerican species of Bothriolepis seem to belong to later dispersal waves from Gondwana, non-excluding southward waves from Euramerica. Questions remain open such as the taxonomic validity and stratigraphic constraints for the most ancient forms of Bothriolepis in China, and around the highly speciose nature of the genus.

Doodson proposed a minimum criterion to predict the occurrence of double high (or double low) waters when a higher-frequency tidal harmonic is added to the semi-diurnal tide. If the phasing of the harmonic is optimal, the condition for a double high water can be written bn2∕a > 1 where b is the amplitude of the higher harmonic, a is the amplitude of the semi-diurnal tide, and n is the ratio of their frequencies. Here we expand this criterion to allow for (i) a phase difference ϕ between the semi-diurnal tide and the harmonic and (ii) the fact that the double high water will disappear in the event that b∕a becomes large enough for the higher harmonic to be the dominant component of the tide. This can happen, for example, at places or times where the semi-diurnal tide is very small. The revised parameter is br2∕a, where r is a number generally less than n, although equal to n when ϕ = 0. The theory predicts that a double high tide will form when this parameter exceeds 1 and then disappear when it exceeds a value of order n2 and the higher harmonic becomes dominant. We test these predictions against observations at Port Ellen in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. For most of the data set, the largest harmonic of the semi-diurnal tide is the sixth diurnal component, for which n = 3. The principal lunar and solar semi-diurnal tides are about equal at Port Ellen and so the semi-diurnal tide becomes very small twice a month at neap tides (here defined as the smallest fortnightly tidal range). A double high water forms when br2∕a first exceeds a minimum value of about 1.5 as neap tides are approached and then disappears as br2∕a then exceeds a second limiting value of about 10 at neap tides in agreement with the revised criterion.