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Background Sodium-glucose cotransport-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have established benefits in diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, but their physiological effects during critical illness remain unclear. We explored whether dapagliflozin affected urinary output, fluid balance, and other physiological parameters in critically ill patients with acute organ dysfunction. Methods This secondary analysis of the DEFENDER trial included 401 critically ill patients with acute organ dysfunction randomized to receive dapagliflozin 10 mg daily or standard care. We analyzed urinary output, fluid balance, electrolytes, acid–base status, glycemia, and vasopressor requirements over the first five days using Bayesian models. Results Dapagliflozin progressively increased urinary output (day 5: + 157 mL/day, 95% CrI -90 to 386, probability 90%) and decreased fluid balance (day 5: -290 mL/day, 95% CrI -564 to -27, probability 98%). Furosemide use was lower in the dapagliflozin group (overall -3%, 95% CrI -7% to 1%, probability 90%). Dapagliflozin had minimal effects on creatinine and electrolytes but was associated with progressive small decreases in pH (day 5: -0.02, probability 96%). Maximum glucose levels were consistently lower with dapagliflozin (-9 mg/dL overall, probability 83%). Norepinephrine requirements showed a time-dependent increase in the dapagliflozin group, with the expected dose difference reaching 0.034 mcg/kg/min by day 5 (probability 94%), and heterogeneity analysis revealed larger effects in patients with sepsis or on mechanical ventilation. Conclusion This exploratory analysis suggests dapagliflozin may enhance diuresis and reduce loop diuretic requirements in critically ill patients, potentially at the cost of increased vasopressor needs. Glucose levels were likely slightly lower with dapagliflozin. Given the study's limitations and heterogeneous treatment effects, these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating pending confirmation in prospective trials.

Abstract A measurement is presented of differential cross sections for t-channel single top quark and antiquark production in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 $$\\,\\text {Te}\\text {V}$$Te by the CMS experiment at the LHC. From a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 $$\\,\\text {fb}^{-1}$$fb-1 , events containing one muon or electron and two or three jets are analysed. The cross section is measured as a function of the top quark transverse momentum ( $$p_{\\mathrm{T}} $$pT ), rapidity, and polarisation angle, the charged lepton$$p_{\\mathrm{T}} $$pT and rapidity, and the$$p_{\\mathrm{T}} $$pT of the$$\\text {W}{}{}$$W  boson from the top quark decay. In addition, the charge ratio is measured differentially as a function of the top quark, charged lepton, and$$\\text {W}{}{}$$W  boson kinematic observables. The results are found to be in agreement with standard model predictions using various next-to-leading-order event generators and sets of parton distribution functions. Additionally, the spin asymmetry, sensitive to the top quark polarisation, is determined from the differential distribution of the polarisation angle at parton level to be$$0.440 \\pm 0.070$$0.440±0.070 , in agreement with the standard model prediction.

Abstract A search in an all-jet final state for new massive resonances decaying to\\text{ W }{}{}W\\text{ W }{}{}W ,\\text{ W }{}{}W\\text{ Z }{}{}Z , or\\text{ Z }{}{}Z\\text{ Z }{}{}Z boson pairs using a novel analysis method is presented. The analysis is performed on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.3 \\text fb⁻¹fb-1 recorded with the CMS experiment at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13  \\text Te\\text VTe . The search is focussed on potential narrow-width resonances with masses above 1.2  \\text Te\\text VTe , where the decay products of each\\text{ W }{}{}W or\\text{ Z }{}{}Z boson are expected to be collimated into a single, large-radius jet. The signal is extracted using a three-dimensional maximum likelihood fit of the two jet masses and the dijet invariant mass, yielding an improvement in sensitivity of up to 30% relative to previous search methods. No excess is observed above the estimated standard model background. In a heavy vector triplet model, spin-1\\text Z^(′)Z′ and\\text W^(′)W′ resonances with masses below 3.5 and 3.8   \\text Te\\text VTe , respectively, are excluded at 95% confidence level. In a bulk graviton model, upper limits on cross sections are set between 27 and 0.2 \\text fbfb for resonance masses between 1.2 and 5.2   \\text Te\\text VTe , respectively. The limits presented in this paper are the best to date in the dijet final state.

Abstract Two related searches for phenomena beyond the standard model (BSM) are performed using events with hadronic jets and significant transverse momentum imbalance. The results are based on a sample of proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of13 \\text Te\\text V 13Te , collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016–2018 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 \\text fb⁻¹fb-1 . The first search is inclusive, based on signal regions defined by the hadronic energy in the event, the jet multiplicity, the number of jets identified as originating from bottom quarks, and the value of the kinematic variableM_(\\mathrm T2)MT2 for events with at least two jets. For events with exactly one jet, the transverse momentum of the jet is used instead. The second search looks in addition for disappearing tracks produced by BSM long-lived charged particles that decay within the volume of the tracking detector. No excess event yield is observed above the predicted standard model background. This is used to constrain a range of BSM models that predict the following: the pair production of gluinos and squarks in the context of supersymmetry models conserving R-parity, with or without intermediate long-lived charginos produced in the decay chain; the resonant production of a colored scalar state decaying to a massive Dirac fermion and a quark; or the pair production of scalar and vector leptoquarks each decaying to a neutrino and a top, bottom, or light-flavor quark. In most of the cases, the results obtained are the most stringent constraints to date.

Abstract Measurements of fiducial and total inclusive cross sections for W and Z boson production are presented in proton-proton collisions at s √s̅ = 5.02 and 13 TeV. Electron and muon decay modes (ℓ = e or μ) are studied in the data collected with the CMS detector in 2017, in dedicated runs with reduced instantaneous luminosity. The data sets correspond to integrated luminosities of 298 ± 6 pb −1 at 5.02 TeV and 206 ± 5 pb −1 at 13 TeV. Measured values of the products of the total inclusive cross sections and the branching fractions at 5.02 TeV are σ(pp → W + X) B 𝓑 (W → ℓν) = 7300 ± 10 (stat) ± 60 (syst) ± 140 (lumi) pb, and σ(pp → Z+X) B 𝓑 (Z → ℓ + ℓ − ) = 669 ± 2 (stat) ± 6 (syst) ± 13 (lumi) pb for the dilepton invariant mass in the range of 60–120 GeV. The corresponding results at 13 TeV are 20480 ± 10 (stat) ± 170 (syst) ± 470 (lumi) pb and 1952 ± 4 (stat) ± 18 (syst) ± 45 (lumi) pb. The measured values agree with cross section calculations at next-to-next-to-leading-order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Fiducial and total inclusive cross sections, ratios of cross sections of W+ and W − production as well as inclusive W and Z boson production, and ratios of these measurements at 5.02 and 13 TeV are reported.

Abstract A measurement is performed of Higgs bosons produced with high transverse momentum (p T) via vector boson or gluon fusion in proton-proton collisions. The result is based on a data set with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected in 2016–2018 with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1. The decay of a high-p T Higgs boson to a boosted bottom quark-antiquark pair is selected using large-radius jets and employing jet substructure and heavy-flavor taggers based on machine learning techniques. Independent regions targeting the vector boson and gluon fusion mechanisms are defined based on the topology of two quark-initiated jets with large pseudorapidity separation. The signal strengths for both processes are extracted simultaneously by performing a maximum likelihood fit to data in the large-radius jet mass distribution. The observed signal strengths relative to the standard model expectation are 4.9 − 1.6 + 1.9 4.9_(-1.6)^(+1.9) and 1.6 − 1.5 + 1.7 1.6_(-1.5)^(+1.7) for the vector boson and gluon fusion mechanisms, respectively. A differential cross section measurement is also reported in the simplified template cross section framework.

Abstract Diboson production in association with jets is studied in the fully leptonic final states, pp → (Z/γ *)(Z/γ *) + jets → 2ℓ2ℓ′ + jets, (ℓ, ℓ′ = e or μ) in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1 collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. Differential distributions and normalized differential cross sections are measured as a function of jet multiplicity, transverse momentum p T, pseudorapidity η, invariant mass and ∆η of the highest-p T and second-highest-p T jets, and as a function of invariant mass of the four-lepton system for events with various jet multiplicities. These differential cross sections are compared with theoretical predictions that mostly agree with the experimental data. However, in a few regions we observe discrepancies between the predicted and measured values. Further improvement of the predictions is required to describe the ZZ+jets production in the whole phase space.

Abstract A search for$${\\text {Z}{}{}} {\\text {Z}{}{}} $$Z Z and$${\\text {Z}{}{}} {\\text {H}{}{}} $$Z H production in the$${\\text {b}{}{}} {\\bar{{\\text {b}{}{}}}{}{}} {\\text {b}{}{}} {\\bar{{\\text {b}{}{}}}{}{}} $$b b ¯ b b ¯ final state is presented, where H is the standard model (SM) Higgs boson. The search uses an event sample of proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 133$$\\,\\text {fb}^{-1}$$fb - 1 collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13$$\\,\\text {Te}\\hspace{-.08em}\\text {V}$$Te V with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The analysis introduces several novel techniques for deriving and validating a multi-dimensional background model based on control samples in data. A multiclass multivariate classifier customized for the$${\\text {b}{}{}} {\\bar{{\\text {b}{}{}}}{}{}} {\\text {b}{}{}} {\\bar{{\\text {b}{}{}}}{}{}} $$b b ¯ b b ¯ final state is developed to derive the background model and extract the signal. The data are found to be consistent, within uncertainties, with the SM predictions. The observed (expected) upper limits at 95% confidence level are found to be 3.8 (3.8) and 5.0 (2.9) times the SM prediction for the$${\\text {Z}{}{}} {\\text {Z}{}{}} $$Z Z and$${\\text {Z}{}{}} {\\text {H}{}{}} $$Z H production cross sections, respectively.

Abstract A study of the anomalous couplings of the Higgs boson to vector bosons, including$${\\textit{CP}}$$CP -violation effects, has been conducted using its production and decay in the WW channel. This analysis is performed on proton–proton collision data collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC during 2016–2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138$$\\,\\text {fb}^{-1}$$fb - 1 . The different-flavor dilepton$$({\\textrm{e}} {{\\upmu }})$$( e μ ) final state is analyzed, with dedicated categories targeting gluon fusion, electroweak vector boson fusion, and associated production with a W or Z boson. Kinematic information from associated jets is combined using matrix element techniques to increase the sensitivity to anomalous effects at the production vertex. A simultaneous measurement of four Higgs boson couplings to electroweak vector bosons is performed in the framework of a standard model effective field theory. All measurements are consistent with the expectations for the standard model Higgs boson and constraints are set on the fractional contribution of the anomalous couplings to the Higgs boson production cross section.