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Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high efficiency at low production costs, making them a promising solution for future photovoltaic technologies. Optimizing charge transport layers is crucial, with porous TiO2 widely used as electron transport layers (ETLs) due to their suitable energy band alignment, transparency, and abundance. However, their performance depends strongly on crystallinity, requiring high‐temperature processing (>450 °C), which increases costs and limits their applicability on flexible substrates. Low‐temperature wet‐chemical methods face scalability issues due to material waste and hazardous solvents. Therefore, plasma‐based technologies provide a scalable, eco‐friendly alternative for fabricating oxide‐based ETLs. This study presents a plasma‐based synthesis of TiO2 layers using remote plasma‐assisted vacuum deposition (RPAVD) and soft plasma etching (SPE) at temperatures below 200 °C, enabling precise control over microstructure and porosity. The resulting nanocolumnar and aerogel‐like TiO2 films are antireflective and enhance optical and electronic properties, leading to improved PSC efficiency (champion PCE = 14.6%) comparable to high‐temperature processed devices. The devices are based on a 3D organometal perovskite with mixed cations (MA, FA, Cs, Rb) and halides (I, Br), with a nominal composition of (Rb0.03Cs0.03FA0.69MA0.25)(PbI3)0.83(PbBr3)0.17. Our results highlight the potential of RPAVD+SPE for producing low‐temperature ETLs, offering a feasible, industrially scalable solution for flexible, high‐performance photovoltaics. This work presents low‐temperature (<200 °C) TiO2 electron transport layers synthesized via plasma polymerization and etching of a Ti phthalocyanine precursor. The resulting nanostructured films enhance the optical and electronic properties of halide perovskite solar cells, achieving an efficiency of 14.6%. This method provides a scalable, eco‐friendly alternative to high‐temperature processes, enabling the development of flexible, high‐performance photovoltaics.

Matrices are a very common way of representing and working with data in data science and artificial intelligence. Writing a small snippet of code to make a simple matrix transformation is frequently frustrating, especially for those people without an extensive programming expertise. We present AUTOMAT[R]IX, a system that is able to induce R program snippets from a single (and possibly partial) matrix transformation example provided by the user. Our learning algorithm is able to induce the correct matrix pipeline snippet by composing primitives from a library. Because of the intractable search space—exponential on the size of the library and the number of primitives to be combined in the snippet, we speed up the process with (1) a typed system that excludes all combinations of primitives with inconsistent mapping between input and output matrix dimensions, and (2) a probabilistic model to estimate the probability of each sequence of primitives from their frequency of use and a text hint provided by the user. We validate AUTOMAT[R]IX with a set of real programming queries involving matrices from Stack Overflow, showing that we can learn the transformations efficiently, from just one partial example.

Hybrid energy-harvesting systems combining perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with drop-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (D-TENGs) provide continuous power under various weather conditions. However, halide perovskites' vulnerability to moisture hampers widespread use. We present plasma-deposited fluorinated polymers (CFX) as multifunctional encapsulation layers offering water resistance, triboelectric functionality, and > 90 % optical transparency. These conformal, room-temperature, solvent-free coatings protect PSCs without reducing performance; encapsulated cells maintained a PCE of 17.9 %, and devices kept over 50 % of initial PCE after 10 days in high humidity and temperature. CFx layers also enabled compatibility with UV-curable resins, creating a hybrid PSC/D-TENG capable of harvesting solar and rain energy. This device retained 80 % of its performance after 300 hours of humid operation and stayed stable under continuous dripping and illumination for over 5 hours. Optimizing CFx's chemical composition improved triboelectric performance. Using the same CFx layer for encapsulation and triboelectric function, the device achieved 11.6 mA/cm2 short-circuit current under 0.5 sun and 12 V peak voltage per raindrop, enabling simultaneous solar and rain energy harvesting. A self-charging prototype powered LED arrays via a boost converter, demonstrating practical multisource energy harvesting.

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high efficiency at low production costs, making them a promising solution for future photovoltaic technologies. Optimizing charge transport layers is crucial, with porous TiO 2 widely used as electron transport layers (ETLs) due to their suitable energy band alignment, transparency, and abundance. However, their performance depends strongly on crystallinity, requiring high‐temperature processing (>450 °C), which increases costs and limits their applicability on flexible substrates. Low‐temperature wet‐chemical methods face scalability issues due to material waste and hazardous solvents. Therefore, plasma‐based technologies provide a scalable, eco‐friendly alternative for fabricating oxide‐based ETLs. This study presents a plasma‐based synthesis of TiO 2 layers using remote plasma‐assisted vacuum deposition (RPAVD) and soft plasma etching (SPE) at temperatures below 200 °C, enabling precise control over microstructure and porosity. The resulting nanocolumnar and aerogel‐like TiO 2 films are antireflective and enhance optical and electronic properties, leading to improved PSC efficiency (champion PCE = 14.6%) comparable to high‐temperature processed devices. The devices are based on a 3D organometal perovskite with mixed cations (MA, FA, Cs, Rb) and halides (I, Br), with a nominal composition of (Rb 0.03 Cs 0.03 FA 0.69 MA 0.25 )(PbI 3 ) 0.83 (PbBr 3 ) 0.17 . Our results highlight the potential of RPAVD+SPE for producing low‐temperature ETLs, offering a feasible, industrially scalable solution for flexible, high‐performance photovoltaics.

In recent years, organo-halide perovskite solar cells have garnered a surge of interest due to their high performance and low-cost fabrication processing. Owing to the multilayer architecture of perovskite solar cells, interface not only has a pivotal role to play in performance, but also influences long-term stability. Here we have employed diverse morphologies of electron selective layer (ESL) to elucidate charge extraction behavior in perovskite solar cells. The TiO2 mesoporous structure (three-dimensional) having varied thickness, and nanocolumns (1-dimensional) with tunable length were employed. We found that a TiO2 electron selective layer with thickness of about c.a. 100 nm, irrespective of its microstructure, was optimal for efficient charge extraction. Furthermore, by employing impedance spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths, we studied the nature of recombination and its dependence on the charge generation profile, and results showed that, irrespective of the wavelength region, the fresh devices do not possess any preferential recombination site, and recombination process is governed by the bulk of the perovskite layer. Moreover, depending on the type of ESL, a different recombination mechanism was observed that influences the final behavior of the devices.

This paper presents a detailed procedure to design substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Tee-junctions with wide-range split-power ratio (from 1:1 to 1:8) and phase-balanced outputs. A set of curves was generated using an electromagnetic (EM) simulator to graphically determine the required parameters for the desired junction. Since such curves are provided, no further electromagnetic simulation is required when applying the proposed method. Input return loss at central frequency is guaranteed to be better than 18 dB. If an optimization procedure is required, the parameters obtained from this methodology may be used as initial values for such a process. Moreover, design rules are given for implementing 1 → 2N unequal power dividers with phase-balanced outputs. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed graphical method, three implementation examples are provided: two Tee-junctions and a 1 → 4 power divider.

El propósito de este estudio es describir cualitativamente las creencias de 16 docentes chilenas(os) de educación secundaria sobre tres nuevos programas curriculares enfocados en la mejora de las habilidades de argumentación escrita. Mediante el análisis temático de entrevistas de recuerdo estimulado, se encontraron creencias mixtas sobre la claridad conceptual, orientaciones pedagógicas y características curriculares de los programas, identificando desafíos y facilitadores en su implementación. El profesorado cree necesitar más orientación teórica y didáctica para implementar los programas, señalando una posible desconexión entre los fundamentos conceptuales y las prácticas de enseñanza. Se evidencia la influencia de las creencias en la interpretación y adopción de los programas y se presentan implicaciones para la implementación efectiva de las innovaciones curriculares, además de recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.

The purpose of this study is to provide a qualitative description of the beliefs of 16 Chilean secondary school teachers about three new curricular programs focused on improving written argumentation skills. By means of a thematic analysis of stimulated recall interviews, the authors observed mixed beliefs about the conceptual clarity, pedagogical orientations and curricular characteristics of the programs and identified challenges and facilitators for their implementation. The teachers believe they need more theoretical and pedagogical orientation to implement the programs, pointing out a possible disconnect between conceptual foundations and teaching practices. The influence of beliefs on the interpretation and adoption of the programs is highlighted, as well as its implications for the effective implementation of curricular innovations and recommendations for future research. El propósito de este estudio es describir cualitativamente las creencias de 16 docentes chilenas(os) de educación secundaria sobre tres nuevos programas curriculares enfocados en la mejora de las habilidades de argumentación escrita. Mediante el análisis temático de entrevistas de recuerdo estimulado, se encontraron creencias mixtas sobre la claridad conceptual, orientaciones pedagógicas y características curriculares de los programas, identificando desafíos y facilitadores en su implementación. El profesorado cree necesitar más orientación teórica y didáctica para implementar los programas, señalando una posible desconexión entre los fundamentos conceptuales y las prácticas de enseñanza. Se evidencia la influencia de las creencias en la interpretación y adopción de los programas y se presentan implicaciones para la implementación efectiva de las innovaciones curriculares, además de recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.

The stability and reproducibility issues related to metal halide Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have prevented so far from exploiting this highly efficient photovoltaic technology under rainy or even moisture conditions and in combination with drop triboelectric nanogenerators (D-TENGs). Protecting the PSCs with a waterproof encapsulator could overcome such a disadvantage. Herein, we propose the implementation of fluorinated carbon (CFx) coatings produced by PECVD, enabling waterproof capability for the PSC and working as an energy harvesting surface for D-TENGs. These 100 nm - films present optimal optical transmittance, fully preserving the photovoltaic parameters of the cell. The improved long-term stability of the water-resistant PSCs prevents degradation under illumination in outdoor or simulated adverse environments with high humidity, high temperature, water immersion, or rain. As a remarkable result, the 50% Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) has been retained after ten days of illumination under 100% relative humidity at 50 degrees Celsius. Also, the CFx coatings were successfully tested as a promoter agent to integrate commercial UV-curable sealants compatible with Spiro-OMeTAD, enhancing the performance stability of up to 80 % of PCE after 100 hours under illumination in a humid environment. This PSC was tested in a top-bottom electrode configuration for harvesting kinetic energy from droplets. Devices were compatible with simultaneously working as D-TENG and photovoltaic cells, yielding voltage outputs up to 12 V with maximum peak power density reaching 2.75 uW/cm2 defined by the D-TENG and PCE of 11.5 % and 8.46 mA/cm2 of short circuit current determined by the PSC under dripping and for an illumination angle of 45 degrees. The durability of the multisource device was tested under constant illumination and periodical drop impacting for more than 5 hours.

Despite the youthfulness of hybrid halide perovskite solar cells, their efficiencies are currently comparable to commercial silicon and have surpassed quantum-dots solar cells. Yet, the scalability of these devices is a challenge due to their low reproducibility and stability under environmental conditions. However, the methods reported to date to tackle such issues recurrently involve the use of solvent methods that would further complicate their transfer to industry. Herein we present a reliable alternative relaying in the implementation of an ultrathin plasma polymer as passivation interface between the electron transport material and the hybrid perovskite layer. Such nanoengineering interface provides solar devices with increased long-term stability under ambient conditions. Thus, without consideringr any additional encapsulation step, the cells retain more than 80 % of their efficiency after being exposed to the ambient atmosphere for more than 1000 h. Moreover, this plasma polymer passivation strategy significantly improves the coverage of the mesoporous scaffold by the perovskite layer, providing the solar cells with enhanced performance as well as improved reproducibility.