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"CUNNINGHAM, JOHN"
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The cinema of István Szabó : visions of Europe
\"István Szabó is one of Hungary's most celebrated and best-known film directors, and the only Hungarian to have won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, for Mephisto (1981). In a career spanning over five decades Szabó has relentlessly examined the place of the individual in European history, particularly those caught up in the turbulent events of Central Europe and his own native Hungary. His protagonists struggle to find a place for themselves, some meaning in their lives, security and a sense of being, against a background of two world wars (Colonel Redl, Confidence), the Holocaust (Sunshine), the Hungarian Uprising and the Cold War (Father, 25 Fireman's Street, Taking Sides). This is the first English-language study of all his feature films and uses material from interviews with Szabó and his collaborators. Also included are chapters on his formative years, including his time at the famous Budapest Film Academy and the relationship of the state to the film industry in Hungary\"--Page 4 of cover.
BOOK
Dimensionality reduction for large-scale neural recordings
Many recent studies have adopted dimensionality reduction to analyze neural population activity and to find features that are not apparent at the level of individual neurons. The authors describe the scientific motivation for population analyses and the dimensionality reduction methods commonly applied to population activity. They also offer practical advice about selecting methods and interpreting their outputs.
Most sensory, cognitive and motor functions depend on the interactions of many neurons. In recent years, there has been rapid development and increasing use of technologies for recording from large numbers of neurons, either sequentially or simultaneously. A key question is what scientific insight can be gained by studying a population of recorded neurons beyond studying each neuron individually. Here, we examine three important motivations for population studies: single-trial hypotheses requiring statistical power, hypotheses of population response structure and exploratory analyses of large data sets. Many recent studies have adopted dimensionality reduction to analyze these populations and to find features that are not apparent at the level of individual neurons. We describe the dimensionality reduction methods commonly applied to population activity and offer practical advice about selecting methods and interpreting their outputs. This review is intended for experimental and computational researchers who seek to understand the role dimensionality reduction has had and can have in systems neuroscience, and who seek to apply these methods to their own data.
Journal Article
Structure in neural population recordings: an expected byproduct of simpler phenomena?
To what extent are population-level results an expected byproduct of simpler structure already known to exist in single neurons? Conventional controls are insufficient to perform this critical investigation. The authors developed a methodological framework to test the significance of population-level studies and apply it to prefrontal and motor cortices.
Neuroscientists increasingly analyze the joint activity of multineuron recordings to identify population-level structures believed to be significant and scientifically novel. Claims of significant population structure support hypotheses in many brain areas. However, these claims require first investigating the possibility that the population structure in question is an expected byproduct of simpler features known to exist in data. Classically, this critical examination can be either intuited or addressed with conventional controls. However, these approaches fail when considering population data, raising concerns about the scientific merit of population-level studies. Here we develop a framework to test the novelty of population-level findings against simpler features such as correlations across times, neurons and conditions. We apply this framework to test two recent population findings in prefrontal and motor cortices, providing essential context to those studies. More broadly, the methodologies we introduce provide a general neural population control for many population-level hypotheses.
Journal Article
Exploratory randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of a waiting list control design
Background
Employing waiting list control designs in psychological and behavioral intervention research may artificially inflate intervention effect estimates. This exploratory randomized controlled trial tested this proposition in a study employing a brief intervention for problem drinkers, one domain of research in which waiting list control designs are used.
Methods
All participants (N = 185) were provided with brief personalized feedback intervention materials after being randomly allocated either to be told that they were in the intervention condition and that this was the intervention or to be told that they were in the waiting list control condition and that they would receive access to the intervention in four weeks with this information provided in the meantime.
Results
A total of 157 participants (85%) were followed-up after 4 weeks. Between-group differences were found in one of four outcomes (proportion within safe drinking guidelines). An interaction was identified between experimental manipulation and stage of change at study entry such that participant change was arrested among those more ready to change and told they were on the waiting list.
Conclusions
Trials with waiting list control conditions may overestimate treatment effects, though the extent of any such bias appears likely to vary between study populations. Arguably they should only be used where this threat to valid inference has been carefully assessed.
Journal Article
EBM BLS: Adding tirzepatide to long-acting insulin is superior to adding mealtime insulin for type 2 diabetes mellitus
[...]adherence to these regimens is difficult and hypoglycemia and weight gain are common side effects.1 A previous study demonstrated that tirzepatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist, was superior to long-acting insulin for Hgb A1c reduction.2 This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of tirzepatide to reduce hemoglobin A1c compared with mealtime insulin (insulin lispro) for people with type 2 DM taking basal insulin.3 Results 1,428 patients were randomized in the study. For patients randomized to tirzepatide, the pooled average Hgb A1c was reduced by 2.1% (to 6.69%) compared with a reduction of HbgA1c of 1.13% (to 7.67%) for patients randomized to insulin lispro, an absolute difference of -0.98% between groups (95% CI -1.17 to -0.79%, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1). The study assessed multiple outcomes important to patients included Hgb A1c, weight loss, and hypoglycemia events.
Journal Article
Reorganization between preparatory and movement population responses in motor cortex
Neural populations can change the computation they perform on very short timescales. Although such flexibility is common, the underlying computational strategies at the population level remain unknown. To address this gap, we examined population responses in motor cortex during reach preparation and movement. We found that there exist exclusive and orthogonal population-level subspaces dedicated to preparatory and movement computations. This orthogonality yielded a reorganization in response correlations: the set of neurons with shared response properties changed completely between preparation and movement. Thus, the same neural population acts, at different times, as two separate circuits with very different properties. This finding is not predicted by existing motor cortical models, which predict overlapping preparation-related and movement-related subspaces. Despite orthogonality, responses in the preparatory subspace were lawfully related to subsequent responses in the movement subspace. These results reveal a population-level strategy for performing separate but linked computations.
Single neuron responses are highly complex and dynamic yet they are able to flexibly represent behaviour through their collective activity. Here the authors demonstrate that population activity patterns of motor cortex neurons are orthogonal during successive task epochs that are linked through a simple linear function.
Journal Article