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Cotyledonary somatic embryos (SEs) of maritime pine are routinely matured for 12 weeks before being germinated and converted to plantlets. Although regeneration success is highly dependent on SEs quality, the date of harvesting is currently determined mainly on the basis of morphological features. This empirical method does not provide any accurate information about embryo quality with respect to storage compounds (proteins, carbohydrates). We first analyzed SEs matured for 10, 12 and 14 weeks by carrying out biological (dry weight, water content) and biochemical measurements (total protein and carbohydrate contents). No difference could be found between collection dates, suggesting that harvesting SEs after 12 weeks is appropriate. Cotyledonary SEs were then compared to various stages, from fresh to fully desiccated, in the development of cotyledonary zygotic embryos (ZEs). We identified profiles that were similar using hierarchical ascendant cluster analysis (HCA). Fresh and dehydrated ZEs could be distinguished, and SEs clustered with fresh ZEs. Both types of embryo exhibited similar carbohydrate and protein contents and signatures. This high level of similarity (94.5 %) was further supported by proteome profiling. Highly expressed proteins included storage, stress-related, late embryogenesis abundant and energy metabolism proteins. By comparing overexpressed proteins in developing and cotyledonary SEs or ZEs, some (23 proteins) could be identified as candidate biomarkers for the late, cotyledonary stage. This is the first report of useful generic protein markers for monitoring embryo development in maritime pine. Our results also suggest that improvements of SEs quality may be achieved if the current maturation conditions are refined.

In this document, we study the industrial district of Jepara, Indonesia. It is specialised in furniture production, for Indonesian consumption as well as for worldwide exports. We summarize the main features of the dynamics of the firms involved in the Jepara industrial complex with a quantitative analysis of flows among them, and between them and markets elsewhere. A specific method of spatial analysis was designed, and merged with existing methods for the analysis of forest production networks and social networks. This method allows to take into account and to accurately assess the number of very small workshops that cannot be evaluated by classical methods. We demonstrate that both the official statistics and the existing literature about Jepara considerably underestimate the extent of the wood industry and its activities. We present the results through synthesis maps. A total of 15 271 units of production have been identified, employing approximately 170 000 workers in Jepara. The activity generates considerable revenue: between 11 900 and 12 300 billion Rp/year of added value (about 1 billion euros/year), that is to say between 70 and 78 million Rp/worker/year. The district of Jepara consumes between 1.5 and 2.2 million m3/year of roundwood, and in other words, we found that the use of around 9 m3 of roundwood sustains one full-time employee for a year. The organisation of the production is typical of an industrial district, featuring a high level of intertwined relationships and subcontracting among highly specialised production units and a prevalence of small and very small units in various steps of the production rather than bigger, integrated units.

In this document, we study the industrial district of Jepara, Indonesia. It is specialised in furniture production, for the Indonesian consumption, as well as for worldwide exports. We summarize the main features of the dynamics of the firms involved in the Jepara industrial complex with a quantitative analysis of flows among them, and between them and markets elsewhere. A specific method of spatial analysis has been designed, and merged with other existing methods for the analysis of forest production networks and social networks. This method allows to take in account and to accurately assess the number of very small workshops that can not be evaluated by classical methods. We demonstrate that the extent of wood industry and activities is considerably underestimated by both the official statistics and the existing literature about Jepara. We present the results through synthesis maps. A total of 15 271 units of production have been identified, employing approximately 170 000 workers in Jepara. The activity generates creates a considerable revenue: between 11 900 to 12 300 billions Rp/year of added value (about 1 billion Euros/year), that is to say between 70 to 78 million Rp/worker/year. The district of Jepara consumes between 1.5 to 2.2 millions m3/year or round wood, and in other words, we found that the use of around 9 m3 of round wood, sustain 1 fulltime employee per year. The organisation of the production is typical of an industrial district, with a high level of intertwined relationships and sub-contracting between the production unites, a high specialisation of them, and a prevalence of the small and very small units in various steps of the production, compared to the bigger integrated units.

Les filières du bois à Tiruchengodu, petite ville de l'Inde du Sud, sont étudiées. Ce cas permet de comprendre l'articulation entre production à plusieurs niveaux d'échelle, dans une société très complexe. L'analyse du système de production montre le rôle initial de la dynamique urbaine de la ville en question, et l'organisation en deux filières différenciées qui résulte de la demande de produits différents La première filière correspond à un approvisionnement local, et la seconde à un approvisionnement au loin, ou \"extra-local\". Les réseaux d'acteurs impliqués se révèlent complexes mais bien structurés, grâce au rôle fondamental joué par une variété d'intermédiaires, qui facilitent toutes les fonctions de l'économie de ce secteur, de la logistique jusqu'aux services financiers. Un des principaux facteurs de la complexité du système étudié réside dans la faible capacité d'investissement individuel, et dans l'extr'me parcellisation des fonctions qui en résultent. Les dynamiques de groupes et de communauté sont très prégnantes dans ce système, et en organisant le jeu des pouvoirs au sein du système, permettent aux acteurs individuels d'accéder à des formes de contrôle de leur environnement économique. Les réseaux d'acteurs se révèlent une organisation en \"réseau de réseaux\", capable de connecter la ville étudiée aux autres Etats de l'Inde et à l'international, grâce à des fonctions d'intermédiation depuis le local jusqu'au global.

Dokumen ini merupakan kajian terhadap sentra industri di Kabupaten Jepara, Indonesia, yang mengkhususkan diri pada produksi mebel untuk dipasarkan dalam negeri maupun luar negeri. Kami mengambil kesimpulan dari ciri-ciri utama dan dinamika yang terjadi pada berbagai perusahaan di Jepara dengan menggunakan analisis kuantitatif terhadap alur yang terjadi antara perusahaanperusahaan tersebut dan dengan pasar di tempat lain. Suatu metode analisis spasial telah dirancang khusus, dan digabungkan dengan metode lain yang sudah ada untuk menganalisa jaringan produksi hutan serta jaringan sosial. Metode tersebut memungkinkan adanya pertimbangan serta evaluasi yang lebih tepat dan akurat terhadap jumlah bengkel-bengkel kecil (lebih dikenal dengan sebutan \"brak\" atau workshop) yang tidak dapat dievaluasi dengan menggunakan metode-metode klasik. Tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa statistik resmi dan berbagai tulisan yang sudah ada tentang Jepara selama ini ternyata memberikan taksiran yang terlalu rendah terhadap jangkauan industri kayu dan kegiatan di Jepara. Hasilnya disajikan melalui peta sintesis. Sebanyak 15.271 unit produksi telah diidentifikasi di Jepara, yang memperkerjakan sekitar 170.000 orang. Kegiatan tersebut menghasilkan pendapatan yang cukup besar, yaitu nilai tambah antara Rp 11.900 - 12.300 miliar/ tahun (sekitar Euro 1 miliar/tahun), atau Rp 70 - 78 juta/pekerja/tahun. Konsumsi kayu bulat di Kabupaten Jepara adalah sebesar 1,5 hingga 2,2 juta m³/tahun, dengan kata lain, 9 m³ kayu bulat dapat menyokong pekerjaan 1 pekerja tetap selama satu tahun. Penataan produksi di daerah ini sama seperti di sentra industri lainnya, di mana hubungan dan sistem sub kontrak antara sesama unit produksi serta tingkat spesialisasi tergolong tinggi, dan unit ukuran kecil dan sangat kecil menjadi cukup dominan dalam berbagai tahap produksi dibandingkan dengan unit terpadu yang lebih besar.