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This study aims to explore the influence of genetic similarity for neuroticism liability in mother’s reported quality of relationship with her child and partner. Such understanding could provide insight into the role of genetic similarity in neuroticism liability in close relationships. Molecular genetic data in 4,704 mothers, partners, and children in the Avon Longitudinal Study Parents And Children (ALSPAC) study were used to derive the proportion of genetic similarity in neuroticism liability between mother and child, and mother and partner, for genetic variants associated with neuroticism. Associations between genetic similarity in neuroticism liability scores and mothers’ reported enjoyment and conflict in the parenting relationship (child ages 0–3) and her reported partner relationship were examined. For a one standard deviation (SD) increase in similarity in mother and child genetic variants associated with neuroticism, there was a 0.15SD (95%CI = 0.003 to 0.500, p  = 0.046) increase in maternal reported enjoyment in their relationship. This association was greater where mother and child were both in the top quartile for high neuroticism (standardised beta = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.02 to 0.56, p  = 0.034). Similar patterns of results emerged for similarity for genetic variants associated with neuroticism between mothers and partners, and the quality of the mother-partner relationship. These results highlight how phenotypic variation (i.e. the link between PGS scores and mothers reported enjoyment) linked to genetic liability in one individual may be linked with the genetic liability of those around them (i.e. the genetic liability of the infant). In other words, parenting and intimate partner relationships as perceived by the mother were explained not by one or the other’s genetic score, but by the similarity between them These exploratory findings present an intriguing mechanism by which similarity between genetic liability might be linked to family relationships.

Background Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age. Methods We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N  = 584 (Greece) to N  = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N  = 149,604. Child socio‐economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self‐reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex‐stratified multi‐level models. Results For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement. Conclusions Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+) requires harmonizing different policy sectors and interests that have impacts on forests. However, these elements have not been well-operationalized in environmental policy-making processes of most developing countries. Drawing on five cases—Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Papua New Guinea, and Vietnam, this article aims to determine whether emerging governance arrangements help REDD+ development by delivering participatory mechanisms for policy coordination. Building upon literature on environmental governance and stakeholder participation, the article examines national governance structures for REDD+ and identifies who participates where, and what decision-making powers they have. Despite structural differences between the countries, our analysis illustrates that REDD+ potentially encourages a new form of environmental governance promoting a cross-sectoral approach and stakeholder participation. Cohesiveness of the structures within a broader governance system is key to defining the capacity of REDD+ governance. The result also poses a question as to the inclusiveness of the state actors involved in order to tackle the different pressure on forests. Considering structural inequalities, the analysis further suggests a need of policy support for those who are affected by REDD+ to ensure that their voices could be heard in decision-making processes.

Background Common pregnancy and perinatal complications are associated with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors. These complications may influence multiple metabolic traits in the offspring and these associations might differ with offspring age. Methods We used data from eight population-based cohort studies to examine and compare associations of pre-eclampsia (PE), gestational hypertension (GH), gestational diabetes (GD), preterm birth (PTB), small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age (vs. appropriate size for gestational age (AGA)) with up to 167 plasma/serum-based nuclear magnetic resonance-derived metabolic traits encompassing lipids, lipoproteins, fatty acids, amino acids, ketones, glycerides/phospholipids, glycolysis, fluid balance, and inflammation. Confounder-adjusted regression models were used to examine associations (adjusted for maternal education, parity age at pregnancy, ethnicity, pre/early pregnancy body mass index and smoking, and offspring sex and age at metabolic trait assessment), and results were combined using meta-analysis by five age categories representing different periods of the offspring life course: neonates (cord blood), infancy (mean ages: 1.1–1.6 years), childhood (4.2–7.5 years); adolescence (12.0–16.0 years), and adulthood (22.0–67.8 years). Results Offspring numbers for each age category/analysis varied from 8925 adults (441 PTB) to 1181 infants (135 GD); 48.4% to 60.0% were females. Pregnancy complications (PE, GH, GD) were each associated with up to three metabolic traits in neonates ( P ≤0.001) with some evidence of persistence to older ages. PTB and SGA were associated with 32 and 12 metabolic traits in neonates respectively, which included an adjusted standardised mean difference of −0.89 standard deviation (SD) units for albumin with PTB (95% CI: −1.10 to −0.69, P =1.3×10 −17 ) and −0.41 SD for total lipids in medium HDL with SGA (95% CI: −0.56 to −0.25, P =2.6×10 −7 ), with some evidence of persistence to older ages. LGA was inversely associated with 19 metabolic traits including lower levels of cholesterol, lipoproteins, fatty acids, and amino acids, with associations emerging in adolescence, (e.g. −0.11 SD total fatty acids , 95% CI: −0.18 to −0.05, P =0.0009), and attenuating with older age across adulthood. Conclusions These reassuring findings suggest little evidence of wide-spread and long-term impact of common pregnancy and perinatal complications on offspring metabolic traits, with most associations only observed for newborns rather than older ages, and for perinatal rather than pregnancy complications.

Background Growing evidence shows that dysregulated metabolic intrauterine environments can affect offspring’s neurodevelopment and behaviour. However, the results of individual cohort studies have been inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the association between maternal diabetes before pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with neurodevelopmental, cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children. Methods Harmonised data from > 200 000 mother-child pairs across ten birth cohorts in Europe and Australia were available. Mother-child pairs were included for analysis to determine whether GDM was recorded (yes or no) and whether at least one neurodevelopmental, cognitive and behavioural outcome was available in children aged 3 to 13 years. Confounder-adjusted regression models were used to estimate associations between maternal diabetes and child outcomes using two-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. Model 1 included a crude estimate. The full adjustment model (model 2) included adjustment for child sex, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain, maternal smoking during pregnancy, plurality, parity and maternal education. Results Children (aged 7–10 years) born to mothers with GDM had higher attention-deficient hyperactive disorder (ADHD) symptoms compared to non-exposed controls (model 2, regression coefficient (β) 3.67 (95% CI 1.13, 6.20), P  = 0.001). Moreover, children (aged 4–6 years) born to mothers with GDM exhibited more externalising problems than those born to mothers without GDM (model 2, β 2.77 (95% CI 0.52, 5.02), P  = 0.01). A pre-existing maternal history of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with ADHD symptoms at 4–6 years (model 1, β 8.82 (95% CI 2.21, 15.45, P  = 0.009) and β 7.90 (95% CI 0.82, 14.98, P  = 0.02), respectively). The association was no longer apparent in further adjustments. Conclusions This study found that children between 4 - 6 and 7–10 years of age born to mothers with GDM have a greater likelihood of developing externalising problems and ADHD symptoms, respectively. Externalising problems often co-exist with ADHD symptoms and precede formal ADHD diagnosis. Overall, this large-scale multi-cohort study suggested that a dysregulated metabolic environment during pregnancy may contribute to ADHD symptoms and externalising problems in young children.

Background DataSHIELD is a mature, R-based federated learning platform that enables multi-site analysis without sharing individual participant data. While DataSHIELD includes many packages for data analysis, it lacks user-friendly data manipulation tools. Methods To address this gap, we developed dsTidyverse , an implementation of selected functions from the popular Tidyverse package within the DataSHIELD client-server architecture. Disclosure checks were implemented to prevent individual-level data leakage. Results This package provides functionality for selecting, renaming, and creating columns; conditional recoding; combining data frames by rows or columns; filtering and arranging rows; grouping and ungrouping data; and converting data frames to tibbles. Through examples, we demonstrate how dsTidyverse simplifies common data manipulation tasks within DataSHIELD. Conclusions By providing additional data manipulation functionality, dsTidyverse improves the user experience and analytical efficiency within DataSHIELD. The package is open-source and freely available on CRAN and GitHub, and welcomes further development: https://github.com/molgenis/ds-tidyverse.

This paper investigates the views of multi-stakeholders on the governance quality of existing forest management strategies for red panda (Ailurus fulgens) protection in Nepal, focusing on forest governance in general, red panda conservation programmes and natural habitat protection in particular. The study deployed two surveys in August and September 2020. The first survey was conducted online for the stakeholders with internet access; for those without, it was conducted over the phone. While the results reveal almost similar perspectives among the stakeholders regarding the effectiveness of the red panda management approaches, they differ significantly between the online survey and telephonic survey, in terms of the relative scores given to these initiatives. In depth, follow-up interviews revealed that marginalised groups had little access to income generation from conservation activities and few capacity-building opportunities. These findings indicate that while management strategies for red panda conservation were generally considered effective by online survey participants which are generally more privileged, this is less effective for marginalised people. Local people, who are typically resource-poor and reliant on the forest, continue to endure inequitable resource distribution and benefit sharing. Consequently, greater attention should be paid to balancing the conservation needs and basic needs of forest-dependent communities through capacity building, income generation and alternative sources of livelihood.

Background Parental personality may influence the course of offspring depression but epidemiological evidence for associations is lacking. It is also unknown whether associations between parental personality and offspring depression differ by socio‐economic position (SEP). Our aims were to describe the trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence of offspring of parents with and without maladaptive personality traits and to test for effect modification by SEP. Methods A longitudinal study in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort (ns = 3054–7046). Exposures were binary measures of maladaptive maternal and paternal personality traits. The outcome was depressive symptoms measured over nine occasions (ages 11–24) using the short mood and feelings questionnaire (SMFQ; range: 0–26). Effect modifiers were parental education and self‐reported material hardship. Multilevel growth curve models were used to estimate trajectories. Results offspring of mothers with high (vs. low) maladaptive traits showed higher levels of depressive symptoms at multiple ages of adolescence, the greatest of which was observed at age 22 (predicted SMFQ difference age 10 = 0.66, 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 0.25 to 1.28; age 22 = 1.00, CI: 0.51 to 1.50). There was weaker and inconsistent evidence of an association between paternal maladaptive personality and offspring depressive symptoms (SMFQ difference age 10 = 0.21, CI: −0.58 to 0.99; age 22 = 0.02, CI: −0.94 to 0.90). Lower SEP was also associated with higher offspring depressive symptoms (SMFQ difference material hardship vs. no hardship age 10 = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.46 to 1.13; age 22 = 0.96, CI: 0.56 to 1.36). There was minimal statistical evidence for effect modification. Conclusions The offspring of mothers with high levels of maladaptive personality traits show evidence of greater depressive symptoms throughout adolescence although the absolute increase in symptoms is small. Evidence for the associations with fathers' personality was weaker. Socio‐economic position and maladaptive personality traits appear to be independent risk factors for offspring depressive symptoms.

The international political economy is developing carbon markets based on decisions made in Glasgow in 2021 at COP26. The development of such markets is problematic. An examination of the history of the agreements made at the climate change conferences indicates issues that remain pertinent today. These include the ability of markets to provide the necessary reductions in fossil fuel emissions at a scale large enough to combat climate change; the integrity of current systems for the accounting of carbon; possible negative impacts on natural capital generally and biodiversity in particular arising from such mechanisms; the inherent risks associated with trying to simultaneously deliver other (co-)benefits; and clarity over the extent to which the rights will be safeguarded. While there is an urgency in ensuring that mechanisms will deliver the emissions reductions required, the risks of carbon market failure remain due to the insufficiency of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the lack of transparency of carbon markets. Integrity systems based on sound principles for governing the integrity of carbon offsets and other mechanisms to reduce emissions are required. Unless standards are adopted, the likelihood of combatting climate change effectively, in the context of the danger of greenwashing and the ongoing pandemic, remains uncertain.

Governments have previously sought to reduce climate-change-inducing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere through mitigation and adaptation activities, with limited success. New approaches are being explored, such as negative emissions technologies, including carbon dioxide removal, as well as solar geoengineering, also known as solar radiation management, or modification. This article outlines these emerging technologies focusing on bioenergy, carbon capture and storage, and stratospheric aerosol injection, and explores some of the challenges they pose. Prevention of emissions and their reliable, safe, and environmentally benign removal remain the best options. Robust governance systems and a careful, unbiased, and knowledge-driven assessment of the risks of these emerging technologies are required before they are implemented any further.