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"Calabrese, E."
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Hormesis
This article offers a broad assessment of the hormetic dose response and its relevance to biomedical researchers, physicians, the pharmaceutical industry, and public health scientists. This article contains a series of 61 questions followed by relatively brief but referenced responses that provides support for the conclusion that hormesis is a reproducible phenomenon, commonly observed, with a frequency far greater than other dose–response models such as the threshold and linear nonthreshold dose–response models. The article provides a detailed background information on the historical foundations of hormesis, its quantitative features, mechanistic foundations, as well as how hormesis is currently being used within medicine and identifying how this concept could be further applied in the development of new therapeutic advances and in improved public health practices.
Journal Article
Advanced ACTPol Cryogenic Detector Arrays and Readout
Advanced ACTPol is a polarization-sensitive upgrade for the 6 m aperture Atacama Cosmology Telescope, adding new frequencies and increasing sensitivity over the previous ACTPol receiver. In 2016, Advanced ACTPol will begin to map approximately half the sky in five frequency bands (28-230 GHz). Its maps of primary and secondary cosmic microwave background anisotropies-imaged in intensity and polarization at few arcminute-scale resolution-will enable precision cosmological constraints and also awide array of cross-correlation science that probes the expansion history of the universe and the growth of structure via gravitational collapse. To accomplish these scientific goals, the AdvancedACTPol receiver will be a significant upgrade to the ACTPol receiver, including four new multichroic arrays of cryogenic, feedhorn-coupled AlMn transition edge sensor polarimeters (fabricated on 150 mm diameter wafers); a system of continuously rotating meta-material silicon half-wave plates; and a new multiplexing readout architecture which uses superconducting quantum interference devices and time division to achieve a 64-row multiplexing factor. Here we present the status and scientific goals of the Advanced ACTPol instrument, emphasizing the design and implementation of the AdvancedACTPol cryogenic detector arrays.
Journal Article
Multi-technique characterization and thermal degradation study of epoxy modified resins designed for multifunctional applications
Tetraglycidyl methylene dianiline (TGMDA) was mixed with 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE) (in a 4:1 mass ratio) and with a stoichiometric amount of the curing agent diaminodiphenyl sulfone which was solubilized at 120 °C for 20 min in the liquid mixture TGMDA + BDE. The so obtained unfilled epoxy resin matrix, denoted as ER, was blended with glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and carbon nanotubes in suitable proportions to obtain binary and ternary mixtures. Characterization of the formulated materials was performed using different experimental techniques, such as Dynamic mechanical analysis, Thermogravimetry (TG), Field emission scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the investigation of the flame behavior was carried out by the limiting oxygen index and mass loss calorimeter measurements. Direct current measurements and investigation by Tunneling atomic force microscopy of the conductive nanodomain map allowed the evaluation of the electrical properties of the developed nanofilled systems. The TG data related to thermal decomposition of ER and its binary and ternary mixtures were processed according to isoconversional kinetic analysis by assuming a non-Arrhenian behavior of the temperature function, and lifetime prediction was estimated at suitable relatively low temperatures and possible relation between the thermal stability and the presence of each component was discussed. This method of kinetic analysis paves the way for the possibility of evaluating in a more realistic way, on the basis of thermal stability, the potential application of structural resins with primary load functions in contact with hot areas of aeronautical aircraft engines.
Journal Article
Historical use of x-rays
Purpose:
This article provides an historical assessment of the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of inner ear infections.
Materials and methods:
The research utilized a literature-based evaluation of the use of x-rays during the first half of the 20th century on the treatment of otitis media (OM), mastoiditis, and cervical adenitis and their impact on the occurrence of deafness.
Results:
X-Rays were consistently found to be effective as a treatment modality at relatively low doses, in the range of 10–20% of the skin erythema dose, rapidly reducing inflammation, and accelerating the healing process. The mechanistic basis of the clinical successes, while addressed by contemporary researchers, is evaluated in the present article in light of current molecular biology advances, which indicate that clinically effective low doses of ionizing radiation act via the creation of an anti-inflammatory phenotype in highly inflamed tissue.
Conclusions:
X-Ray treatment of OM, mastoiditis, and cervical adenitis was widely accepted in the first half of the 20th century by clinicians as an effective treatment when administered within an appropriate dosage range.
Journal Article
Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in the Pollino National Park
This work is aimed at reconstructing the water-rock interaction processes controlling the geochemical characteristics of the shallow or relatively shallow groundwaters of the Pollino National Park, based on the data acquired for 105 water samples from local springs. Reaction path modeling of rock dissolution was carried out in a purely stoichiometric mode for the main lithotypes cropping out in the study area, that is, limestone, Mg-limestone, dolomite, serpentinite, Al-silicate fraction of calcschist, and carbonate fraction of calcschist. Reaction path modeling was carried out in a purely stoichiometric mode, considering the rocks of interest as materials of known stoichiometry and unknown thermodynamic properties. Calculations were carried out assuming a closed system for secondary solid phases whereas an open system was assumed for gases, O2(g) and CO2(g). Comparison of the results of geochemical modeling and the analytical data acquired for the groundwaters of the Pollino National Park shows that concentrations of major solutes, SiO2, Li, Al, and Fe of the different chemical types of waters, are explained by the dissolution of pertinent lithotypes. Moreover, the detected concentrations of Al, Cl, F, NO3, and SO4 are within the threshold values recommended by WHO.
Journal Article
The autonomy of informal STEM and benefits of andragogy with gifted children
Purpose> In distinguishing the education of adults from the education of children, a gray area lies on where to classify gifted and honors students. The purpose of this study was to determine if the attitudes of students at an honors STEM summer camp paralleled the educational needs of adults, namely self-directed learning.Design/methodology/approach> Researchers analyzed survey responses through an exploratory factor analysis and five t tests.Findings> The interpretation of the effect sizes showed that after engaging in a self-directed learning experience, students expressed more positive self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation, experienced reduced extrinsic motivation and anxiety, and were less task-completion oriented.Originality/value> The results suggest that gifted and honors students may have a propensity to learn that is more similar to that of adults rather than their same-age peers.
Journal Article
Usable STEM: Student Outcomes in Science and Engineering Associated with the Iterative Science and Engineering Instructional Model
While our world consistently presents complicated, interdisciplinary problems with STEM foundations, most pre-university curricula do not encourage drawing on multidisciplinary knowledge in the sciences and engineering to create solutions. We developed an instructional approach, Iterative Science and Engineering (ISE), that cycles through scientific investigation and engineering design and culminates in constructing a solution to a local environmental challenge. Next, we created, revised, and evaluated a six-week ISE curricular program, Invasive Insects, culminating in 6th–9th-grade students building traps to mitigate local invasive insect populations. Over three Design-Based Research (DBR) cycles, we gathered and analyzed identical pre and post-test data from 554 adolescents to address the research question: what three-dimensional (3D) science and engineering knowledge do adolescents demonstrate over three DBR cycles associated with a curricular program following the Iterative Science and Engineering instructional approach? Results document students’ significant statistical improvements, with differential outcomes in different cycles. For example, most students demonstrated significant learning of 3D science and engineering argument construction in all cycles—still, students only significantly improved engineering design when they performed guided reflection on their designs and physically built a second trap. Our results suggest that the development, refinement, and empirical evaluation of an ISE curricular program led to students’ design, building, evaluation, and sharing of their learning of mitigating local invasive insect populations. To address complex, interdisciplinary challenges, we must provide opportunities for fluid and iterative STEM learning through scientific investigation and engineering design cycles.
Journal Article
Defining hormesis
Much confusion surrounds the concept of hormesis and what its biological meaning represents. This paper provides a definition of hormesis that addresses its historical foundations, quantitative features, and under-lying evolutionary and toxicologically based mechanistic strategies. Hormesis should be considered an adaptive response characterized by biphasic dose responses of generally similar quantitative features with respect to amplitude and range of the stimulatory response that are either directly induced or the result of compensatory biological processes following an initial disruption in homeostasis. Given the limited magnitude of the stimulatory response (i.e., usually 30–60% greater than controls at maximum), heightened study design and replication requirements are often necessary to ensure reliable judgments on causality. Even though hormesis is considered an adaptive response, the issue of beneficial/harmful effects should not be part of the definition of hormesis, but reserved to a subsequent evaluation of the biological and ecological context of the response.
Journal Article
Re-examining the relationship between three-dimensional science and engineering knowledge and student interest: a mixed methods study
Now more than ever, the world needs citizens comfortable with interdisciplinary problem- solving in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) to address global environmental and health challenges, including extreme weather, habitat destruction, and air pollution, among others. However, many countries report an insufficient number of individuals with experience in STEM problem solving. In addition, recent research indicates low interest and knowledge in STEM fields. Government organizations, corporations, and nonprofits ask for pre-university STEM education that increases student interest and knowledge in STEM fields. In this mixed-methods study, we explored a potential relationship between interest and three-dimensional (3D) science and engineering knowledge. We analyzed student surveys, classroom artifacts, and teacher interviews to explore student scores and self-proclaimed interest. Results revealed six multi-faceted profiles, with all students reporting average or high interest and scoring low, average, or high on the 3D science and engineering assessment. In addition, four extreme student cases were selected to illustrate and articulate some of the complexities associated with possible linkages between 3D science and engineering knowledge and interest. Our results suggest that reciprocity between interest and knowledge development is more nuanced and complex than a simple correlation or relationship might suggest.
Journal Article