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Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism
In the past two decades, Marxism has enjoyed a revitalization as a research program and a growth in its audience. This renaissance is connected to the revival of anti-capitalist contestation since the Seattle protests in 1999 and the impact of the global economic and financial crisis in 2007–8. It intersects with the emergence of Post-Marxism since the 1980s represented by thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas, Chantal Mouffe, Ranajit Guha and Alain Badiou.
This handbook explores the development of Marxism and Post-Marxism, setting them in dialogue against a truly global backdrop. Transcending the disciplinary boundaries between philosophy, economics, politics and history, an international range of expert contributors guide the reader through the main varieties and preoccupations of Marxism and Post-Marxism. Through a series of framing and illustrative essays, readers will explore these traditions, starting from Marx and Engels themselves, through the thinkers of the Second and Third Internationals (Rosa Luxemburg, Lenin and Trotsky, among others), the Tricontinental, and subaltern and postcolonial studies, to more contemporary figures such as Huey Newton, Fredric Jameson, Judith Butler, Immanuel Wallerstein and Samir Amin.
The Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism will be of interest to scholars and researchers of philosophy, cultural studies and theory, sociology, political economics and several areas of political science, including political theory, Marxism, political ideologies and critical theory.
eBook
Contradictions of austerity
The global economic and financial crisis has been marked by the following paradox. A much more severe depression than the global slump of 2008–09 was prevented by determined state intervention in the form of bank bailouts and fiscal stimuli. Yet this bout of apparently successful Keynesianism has been followed by a turn to fiscal austerity justified in terms reminiscent of the Treasury View against which Keynes relentlessly polemicised in the 1930s. This article explores the sources of this policy shift. Among the factors considered are the ideology of neoliberalism, the economic and political power of the banks, and the relative weight of finance in individual economies. The broader context of financialisation is also considered. The conclusion is reached that an oscillation between bouts of austerity and laxer policies encouraging the development of asset bubbles may be built into neoliberalism as an economic policy regime. The implication is that alternatives to austerity must embrace broad institutional transformation.
Journal Article
The limits of passive revolution
This article addresses what it identifies as the over-extension of the concept of passive revolution in recent writing on international political economy. It traces the evolution of the concept in the Prison Notebooks, where it is rooted in Antonio Gramsci’s development of the Marxist theory of bourgeois revolutions to account for episodes of what he called ‘revolution/restoration’ such as the Italian Risorgimento. But, in his attempt to offer a comprehensive alternative to the great liberal philosopher Benedetto Croce, Gramsci extends the concept to cases such as Mussolini’s fascism. The core meaning common to these uses is that of socio-political processes in which revolution-inducing strains are at once displaced and at least partially fulfilled. In more recent Marxist work, even this meaning is in danger of being lost. The article concludes by seeking to relocate passive revolution within Gramsci’s non-determinist, but still firmly materialist, understanding of Marx’s theory of history.
Journal Article
Second Foundation: Marxism in the Era of the Russian Revolution
The support for most of the parties of the Second International for the First World War split the labor movement into revolutionary and reformist wings, with the Russian Revolution of October 1917 providing the former with both inspiration and a base, in the shape of the new Soviet state. The collapse of the Second International sent the revolutionaries, headed by Lenin, back to Marx to make sense of the disaster and to gain the founder’s authority for their critique of the naturalistic and gradualist version of Marxism associated especially with Karl Kautsky. The resulting reconstruction of Marxism as a “philosophy of praxis” was taken furthest by the very different theories of revolutionary subjectivity developed by György Lukács and Antonio Gramsci. As the revolutionary tide receded and fascism advanced in the decades between the world wars, and as intellectual creativity was snuffed out of the Communist movement by the Stalinist transformation of the Soviet Union, the Frankfurt School carried on elements of Lukács’s project, particularly his critique of capitalist reification, but abandoned his conception of Marxism as the self-understanding of the revolutionary proletariat.
Book Chapter
Hidden Abode: The Marxist Critique of Political Economy
The three volumes of Marx’s Capital conceptualize capitalism as simultaneously constituted in the process of production, where the extraction of surplus-value from the workers takes place, and combining production and circulation. The sphere of circulation is necessary because it is there that commodities are sold, value realized and capital passes through its circuits, but it is also a source of the misrepresentations of the market as natural, fragmented and autonomous that Marx criticizes when discussing fetishism. Hence the need for a critique of political economy that both reconstructs the logic of capital and puts these necessary illusions in their place. This delicate balance has been hard for later Marxists to maintain, as they have tended to reduce this critique to either an empirical quantitative theory or a meta-theory of fetishism. This chapter traces the history of this critique from the classic attempts to continue Capital by Hilferding and Luxemburg before 1914, which laid the basis of the Marxist theory of imperialism, through the debates on profitability and value theory following the revival of Marxism in the 1960s, to more contemporary discussions of neoliberalism, financialization, imperialism and crisis.
Book Chapter
Afterword
This concluding Afterword reviews the current state of the debate between Marxism and Post-Marxism in the light of recent developments – the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–9, the rise of the far right and the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights recent contributions that develop Marx’s own conception of humankind as part of nature and his perception of the “metabolic rift” opened by the environmental destruction wreaked by capitalism. From this perspective both climate change and COVID-19 are instances of the damage caused to the natural world and hence to humankind by the blind process of capital accumulation. The pandemic has revealed and reinforced the class antagonism constitutive of contemporary societies, which had already been exacerbated by the 2007–9 crisis. The future of both Marxism and humanity depends on the development of movements for environmental and social justice based above all on the working poor.
Book Chapter
Making history : agency, structure, and change in social theory
This republication gives a new generation of readers access to an important intervention in Marxism and social theory. Making History is about the question of how human agents draw their powers from the social structures they are involved in.
eBook
How Not to Write About the Rate of Profit: A Response to David Harvey
It is hard to think of any living writer who has made a greater contribution to Marxist political economy than David Harvey. We can see this in his attempt to widen Marxist theory to take space properly into account, forming a new historical-geographical materialism, so it is a pity that he has chosen to write so negatively about the tendency of the rate of profit to fall (TRPF) in different versions of a paper that is due to be published but is already making the rounds online, giving rise to the spurious argument that Marx abandoned the theory of TRPF after writing the main text in 1864-65.
Journal Article