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Computer modelling and digitalization are integral to the wind energy sector since they provide tools with which to improve the design and performance of wind turbines, and thus reduce both capital and operational costs. The massive sensor rollout and increase in big data processing capacity over the last decade has made data collection and analysis more efficient, allowing for the development and use of digital twins. This paper presents a methodology for developing a hybrid-model-based digital twin (DT) of a power conversion system of wind turbines. This DT allows knowledge to be acquired from real operation data while preserving physical design relationships, can generate synthetic data from events that never happened, and helps in the detection and classification of different failure conditions. Starting from an initial physics-based model of a wind turbine drivetrain, which is trained with real data, the proposed methodology has two major innovative outcomes. The first innovation aspect is the application of generative stochastic models coupled with a hybrid-model-based digital twin (DT) for the creation of synthetic failure data based on real anomalies observed in SCADA data. The second innovation aspect is the classification of failures based on machine learning techniques, that allows anomaly conditions to be identified in the operation of the wind turbine. Firstly, technique and methodology were contrasted and validated with operation data of a real wind farm owned by Engie, including labelled failure conditions. Although the selected use case technology is based on a double-fed induction generator (DFIG) and its corresponding partial-scale power converter, the methodology could be applied to other wind conversion technologies.

Edge computing emerges as an innovative platform for services requiring low latency decision making. Its success partly depends on the existence of efficient data management systems. We consider that knowledge graph management systems have a key role to play in this context due to their data integration and reasoning features. In this paper, we present SuccinctEdge, a compact, decompression-free, self-index, in-memory RDF store that can answer SPARQL queries, including those requiring reasoning services associated to some ontology. We provide details on its design and implementation before demonstrating its efficiency on real-world and synthetic datasets.

Si l'essentiel du défi technologique et industriel reste à venir, la 5G constitue une voie d'accès privilégiée à la plateformisation numérique pour les entreprises industrielles. Sans décisions politiques urgentes, fondées sur une compréhension des enjeux techniques, la 5G renforcera le pouvoir de marché et la supériorité technologique des hyperscalers déjà dominants au détriment des entreprises françaises et européennes du même domaine. Nous exposons l'analyse technoéconomique qui permet d'aboutir à ce constat, nous interrogeons les modalités de diffusion de la 5G dans les chaînes de valeur des données, et pointons des pistes d'orientation aussi bien politiques que stratégiques.

Topological Josephson junctions designed on the surface of a 3D-topological insulator harbor Majorana bound states among a continuum of conventional Andreev bound states. The distinct feature of these Majorana bound states lies in the 4 π -periodicity of their energy-phase relation that yields a fractional ac Josephson effect and a suppression of odd Shapiro steps under radio-frequency irradiation. Yet, recent experiments showed that a few, or only the first, odd Shapiro steps are missing, casting doubts on the interpretation. Here we show that Josephson junctions tailored on the large bandgap 3D-topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 exhibit a fractional ac Josephson effect acting on the first Shapiro step only. With a modified resistively shunted junction model, we demonstrate that the resilience of higher order odd Shapiro steps can be accounted for by thermal poisoning driven by Joule overheating. Furthermore, we uncover a residual supercurrent at the nodes between Shapiro lobes, which provides a direct and novel signature of the current carried by the Majorana bound states. Our findings showcase the crucial role of thermal effects in topological Josephson junctions and lend support to the Majorana origin of the partial suppression of odd Shapiro steps. The search for experimental evidence of Majorana modes is an area of intense research in condensed matter and quantum physics and uncovering clear evidence is complicated. The authors investigate the impact of Joule heating which can influence the analysis of experimental features related to Majorana bound states in topological Josephson junctions.

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is an anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria encountered in inflammatory acne lesions, particularly in the pilosebaceous follicle. P. acnes triggers a strong immune response involving keratinocytes, sebocytes and monocytes, the target cells during acne development. Lipoteicoic acid and peptidoglycan induce the inflammatory reaction, but no P. acnes surface protein interacting with Toll-like receptors has been identified. P. acnes surface proteins have been extracted by lithium stripping and shown to induce CXCL8 production by keratinocytes. Far-western blotting identified two surface proteins, of 24.5- and 27.5-kDa in size, specifically recognized by TLR2. These proteins were characterized, by LC-MS/MS, as CAMP factor 1 devoid of its signal peptide sequence, as shown by N-terminal sequencing. Purified CAMP factor 1 induces CXCL8 production by activating the CXCL8 gene promoter, triggering the synthesis of CXCL8 mRNA. Antibodies against TLR2 significantly decreased the CXCL8 response. For the 27 P. acnes strains used in this study, CAMP1-TLR2 binding intensity was modulated and appeared to be strong in type IB and II strains, which produced large amounts of CXCL8, whereas most of the type IA1 and IA2 strains presented little or no CAMP1-TLR2 binding and low levels of CXCL8 production. The nucleotide sequence of CAMP factor displays a major polymorphism, defining two distinct genetic groups corresponding to CAMP factor 1 with 14 amino-acid changes from strains phylotyped II with moderate and high levels of CAMP1-TLR2 binding activity, and CAMP factor 1 containing 0, 1 or 2 amino-acid changes from strains phylotyped IA1, IA2, or IB presenting no, weak or moderate CAMP1-TLR2 binding. Our findings indicate that CAMP factor 1 may contribute to P. acnes virulence, by amplifying the inflammation reaction through direct interaction with TLR2.

Antibodies to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), Programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL-1) and Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) can revert HIV latency and enhance anti-HIV cytotoxic response but their impact on HIV proviral sequences and integration landscape in people with HIV (PWH) remain to be studied. Two PWH treated with PD-1/PDL-1 and one with PD-1/CTLA4 were studied among the ANRS-CO-24 OncoVIHAC cohort study. Matched integration site and proviral sequencing were performed pre- and post-treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) were not associated with significant changes in total cell-associated HIV-DNA, nor significant changes in genomic or epigenetic features of integration sites. ICIs were associated with a lesser proportion of proviruses with pol frameshifts for all regimen, with the PD-1 and PD-1/CTLA4 patients also experiencing a higher proportion of proviral sequences harboring gag frameshifts and a higher number of STOP codons, consistent with a gag-driven immune clearance. ICI use were also associated with a limited reduction in the HIV-reservoir diversity. Finally, the patient with a PD-1/CTLA4 treatment exhibited the loss of an HIV-clone in the NIN-oncogene representing 17% of all his pre-treatment sequences. Despite stable levels of cell-associated HIV DNA, ICI treatment can lead to modest changes in proviral sequences landscapes.

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific societies of oncology issued guidelines to limit the spread of the virus, in particular by limiting the prescription of cancer treatments with palliative intent. This qualitative study adopts a psychosocial perspective to explore how oncologists experienced these guidelines, and what this reveals about their representations and practices concerning end-of-life treatments. Conducted in a comprehensive cancer center, the study is based on a mixed-method strategy involving 10 semistructured interviews with oncologists and observation of 13 consultations. The oncologists stated that they were complying with the guidelines, which was perceived as an external argument of authority that made it easier to announce the cessation of treatment. The analysis highlights the sacralization of chemotherapy, a shared feeling of guilt at the idea of stopping cancer treatments, and a representation of palliative care as the moment when there is “nothing more to be done.” The fact that the oncologists reported that previous practices had been reinstated once the health crisis had passed reveals the psychosocial logics at work in their decision-making and communication practices. This study recommends the creation of workshops to raise awareness of the psychosocial factors that influence chemotherapy prescriptions in the advanced stages of the disease.

Using a self-generated hypoxic assay, we show that the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum displays a remarkable collective aerotactic behavior. When a cell colony is covered, cells quickly consume the available oxygen (O 2 ) and form a dense ring moving outwards at constant speed and density. To decipher this collective process, we combined two technological developments: porphyrin-based O 2 -sensing films and microfluidic O 2 gradient generators. We showed that Dictyostelium cells exhibit aerotactic and aerokinetic response in a low range of O 2 concentration indicative of a very efficient detection mechanism. Cell behaviors under self-generated or imposed O 2 gradients were modeled using an in silico cellular Potts model built on experimental observations. This computational model was complemented with a parsimonious ‘Go or Grow’ partial differential equation (PDE) model. In both models, we found that the collective migration of a dense ring can be explained by the interplay between cell division and the modulation of aerotaxis.

Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) has been implicated in inflammatory acne where highly mutated Christie–Atkins–Munch–Petersen factor (CAMP)1 displays strong toll like receptor (TLR)-2 binding activity. Using specific antibodies, we showed that CAMP1 production was independent of C. acnes phylotype and involved in the induction of inflammation. We confirmed that TLR-2 bound both mutated and non-mutated recombinant CAMP1, and peptide array analysis showed that seven peptides (A14, A15, B1, B2, B3, C1 and C3) were involved in TLR-2 binding, located on the same side of the three-dimensional structure of CAMP1. Both mutated and non-mutated recombinant CAMP1 proteins induced the production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand interleukin (CXCL)8/(IL)-8 in vitro in keratinocytes and that of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β and IL-10 in ex vivo human skin explants. Only A14, B1 and B2 inhibited the production of CXCL8/IL-8 by keratinocytes and that of (GM-CSF), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 in human skin explants stimulated with rCAMP1 and C. acnes. Following pretreatment with B2, RNA sequencing on skin explants identified the 10 genes displaying the strongest differential expression as IL6, TNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, IL-1β, chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL4 and colony stimulating factor (CSF)2. We, thus, identified a new CAMP1-derived peptide as a TLR-2 modulator likely to be a good candidate for clinical evaluation.

Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ) is a major skin-associated bacterium that was long considered commensal, until several studies revealed it to be an opportunistic pathogen. We investigated the ability of P. acnes surface proteins to recognize ECM proteins and showed that a 58 kDa  P. acnes surface protein was specifically recognized by human fibrinogen (hFg). The 58 kDa protein was further characterized by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and MALDI-ToF as a P. acnes host cell-surface attachment protein, PA25957, recognizing dermatan sulfate (DsA1). This protein sequence contains 432 amino acids with the presence of three structurally different domains: an N-terminal signal peptide, a C-terminal LPXTG motif, and a PT repeat region. DsA1 is mostly produced during stationary phase. It appears to be highly glycosylated, containing GalNAc residues. Purified DsA1 strongly recognizes the Aα and Bβ subunits of hFg, and specific enzymatic deglycosylation of hFg demonstrated the involvement of the protein backbone in the recognition process. The Bβ subunit of hFg was cloned in four peptide fractions (Fg1-Fg4). The N-terminal Fg1 peptide of hFg was recognized by DsA1, and priming DsA1 with Fg1 inhibited DsA1/hFg recognition. We describe here for the first time, the characterization of a P. acnes surface glycoprotein recognizing human fibrinogen.