Explore the vast range of titles available.

The ports sector is critical to global transport and trade. Climate change may compromise port operations, resulting in an increase in operational shutdowns and subsequent economic losses. Here, we present an analysis of historical global risk across the operations of 2,013 ports worldwide and the impacts under a high-end warming scenario, considering atmospheric and marine hazards, industry established operational thresholds, exposure and vulnerability. Increased coastal flooding and overtopping due to sea level rise, as well as the heat stress impacts of higher temperatures, are the main contributors to amplified risk. Ports located in the Pacific Islands, Caribbean Sea and Indian Ocean appear to be at extremely high risk by 2100, whereas those in the African Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula (Persian Gulf and Red Sea) are expected to experience very high risk. Estimating risks at the global scale cannot capture site-level details, but these results provide a benchmark for further research and decision-making.Global trade and transport depend on the resilience of the ports sector. Multi-hazard operational risks are estimated for 2,013 ports under historical climate and future warming; of the marine and atmospheric hazards considered, coastal flooding, wave overtopping and heat stress increase risk most.

CUPID-Mo is a bolometric experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ( 0 ν β β ) of 100 Mo . In this article, we detail the CUPID-Mo detector concept, assembly and installation in the Modane underground laboratory, providing results from the first datasets. The CUPID-Mo detector consists of an array of 20 100 Mo -enriched 0.2 kg Li 2 MoO 4 crystals operated as scintillating bolometers at ∼ 20 mK . The Li 2 MoO 4 crystals are complemented by 20 thin Ge optical bolometers to reject α events by the simultaneous detection of heat and scintillation light. We observe a good detector uniformity and an excellent energy resolution of 5.3 keV (6.5 keV) FWHM at 2615 keV, in calibration (physics) data. Light collection ensures the rejection of α particles at a level much higher than 99.9% – with equally high acceptance for γ / β events – in the region of interest for 100 Mo 0 ν β β . We present limits on the crystals’ radiopurity: ≤ 3 μ Bq/kg of 226 Ra and ≤ 2 μ Bq/kg of 232 Th . We discuss the science reach of CUPID-Mo, which can set the most stringent half-life limit on the 100 Mo 0 ν β β decay in half-a-year’s livetime. The achieved results show that CUPID-Mo is a successful demonstrator of the technology developed by the LUMINEU project and subsequently selected for the CUPID experiment, a proposed follow-up of CUORE, the currently running first tonne-scale bolometric 0 ν β β experiment.

We report the measurement of the two-neutrino double-beta ($2\\nu\\beta\\beta$) decay of $^{100}$Mo to the ground state of $^{100}$Ru using lithium molybdate (\\crystal) scintillating bolometers. The detectors were developed for the CUPID-Mo program and operated at the EDELWEISS-III low background facility in the Modane underground laboratory. From a total exposure of $42.235$ kg$\\times$d, the half-life of $^{100}$Mo is determined to be $T_{1/2}^{2\\nu}=[7.12^{+0.18}_{-0.14}\\,\\mathrm{(stat.)}\\pm0.10\\,\\mathrm{(syst.)}]\\times10^{18}$ years. This is the most accurate determination of the $2\\nu\\beta\\beta$ half-life of $^{100}$Mo to date. We also confirm, with the statistical significance of $>3\\sigma$, that the single-state dominance model of the $2\\nu\\beta\\beta$ decay of $^{100}$Mo is favored over the high-state dominance model.

We have found deviations in in net-count measurement comparisons with EDS detectors equipped with different X-ray entrance windows that cannot be explained by the theoretical assumed and synchrotron measurements verified window transmissions. This work presents the results with systematic simultaneous measurements, which were performed with two EDS SDD systems on one SEM to verify this effect. The two detectors were equipped with a polymer window (Moxtek AP3) and the next generation Si 3 N 4 -window (Amptek C2), respectively. A possible explanation of measured detector-efficiency deviations will be given with an additional “divergence effect” due to the Moxtek polymer window support grid blades. It is to consider an additional X-ray transmission at window support grid lamella edges for divergent X-rays at energies already below 10 keV, while the support grid becomes significantly transparent in the parallel beam only with energies >10 keV. This effect is to consider in difference to the parallel beam transmission view because the X-rays in the SEM are from a point source, a fact which was ignored in the past. The “divergence effect” increases with detector area and with closer detector distance to the specimen in SEM. Small deviations of grid lamella alignment to the detector axis can produce similar lamella-edge transmission effects, which can differ between individual detectors. Taking the additional polymer window grid-lamella transmission into account explains the already observed and reported systematic difference in the calculated X-ray counts emitted from a specimen (measured net counts corrected with detector-efficiency). And with this, it explains the deviations of quantitative results between the two different detector window systems. Standardless quantitative results need to be independent from the detector (window) with which the measurements were performed. This was the motivation for the presented work and is a precondition to investigate and improve the standardless quantitative models further, to achieve improved accuracy in standardless evaluation of the measured X-ray data with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) systems, used for the electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) method.

Global multimodel wave climate projections are obtained at 1.0° × 1.0° scale from 30 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) global circulation model (GCM) realizations. A semi-supervised weather-typing approach based on a characterization of the ocean wave generation areas and the historical wave information from the recent GOW2 database are used to train the statistical model. This framework is also applied to obtain high resolution projections of coastal wave climate and coastal impacts as port operability and coastal flooding. Regional projections are estimated using the collection of weather types at spacing of 1.0°. This assumption is feasible because the predictor is defined based on the wave generation area and the classification is guided by the local wave climate. The assessment of future changes in coastal impacts is based on direct downscaling of indicators defined by empirical formulations (total water level for coastal flooding and number of hours per year with overtopping for port operability). Global multimodel projections of the significant wave height and peak period are consistent with changes obtained in previous studies. Statistical confidence of expected changes is obtained due to the large number of GCMs to construct the ensemble. The proposed methodology is proved to be flexible to project wave climate at different spatial scales. Regional changes of additional variables as wave direction or other statistics can be estimated from the future empirical distribution with extreme values restricted to high percentiles (i.e., 95th, 99th percentiles). The statistical framework can also be applied to evaluate regional coastal impacts integrating changes in storminess and sea level rise.

This work was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey Grant/Cooperative Agreement G15AC00426. AR, JAAA, and FJM were supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad Grant BIA2014-59643-R. PC was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad Grant BIA2015-70644-R. JAAA was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte FPU (Formación del Profesorado Universitario) studentship BOEA-2013-12235. Support was provided from the U.S. DOD Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP Project RC-2644) through the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). CFSR atmospheric data are available online (at https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/climate-forecastsystem-reanalysis-cfsr). Reanalyses of ocean data are available for research purposes through IH Cantabria (contact ihdata@ihcantabria.com).

The response function of energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS) has been a topic for investigation as long as EDS has been used. This work systematically investigates soft X-ray peaks with energies below 150 eV in regard to the detector energy calibration linearity. It was found that Si-L (92 eV) and Al-L (73 eV) lines are not shifted in energy position in comparison to higher energy K-lines of boron, carbon and nitrogen. The reason is simply the silicon detector material has a large absorption jump at 99 eV (Si-L2/Si-L3), which causes much higher detection depths of photons with energies below 99 eV. There is also less shift than assumed with older approaches in the energy region 100 to 149 eV (Si-L1). It is also expected that Li-K radiation will not be affected by an energy shift due to detector artefacts. The authors propose a modified shift-correction which corrects this detector artefact and linearizes the energy calibration of measured EDS spectrum below 600 eV. This energy shift effect of the measured X-ray lines is in principle with any silicon-based X-ray detector. But the shift value depends also on the front contact layer design and quality. The novelty with changed correction is that no shift is applied for X-ray peaks below 99 eV. Older applied correction procedures were found to produce a line energy misplacement in spectrum for this energy region.

Drug-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) is not uncommon, with diverse patterns ranging from benign infiltrates to the potentially fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. As acute respiratory failure due to drug-associated ILD has an unpredictable onset and rapid time course, establishing a diagnosis is often difficult. An accurate diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological (including high-resolution computed tomography) and histological manifestations, although is often only possible by exclusion. Cancer chemotherapy is commonly associated with acute disease that, on pathology, is often diffuse alveolar damage. Furthermore, a combination of drugs with or without radiotherapy can increase the risk of ILD. This article reviews treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that are associated with the development of ILD and how systematic evaluation of the possible role of these drugs in ILD is warranted. A difference between Japan and the rest of the world in reporting rates of ILD when gefitinib (‘Iressa’) has been used in advanced NSCLC is also discussed. However, the difference remains unexplained, leaving important epidemiological and mechanistic questions.

Absolut System has built a 30 K and a 10 K remote Helium cooling loops used as a vibration free cooling source, respectively for IR detectors electro-optical characterization test bench and two-stage optical cryostat. The circulation loops are based on a by-passed flowrate from either a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cryocooler or a two-stage Pulse Tube cryocooler. Dedicated compact and high efficiency tubes & shell heat exchangers have been designed and produced for the recuperators. The paper describes the design and the performances of the vibration free cooling system produced. The current work towards a 4 K low vibration cooling source will be introduced as well.