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The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has been gaining considerable attention during the past decade among practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. However, to date, entrepreneurial ecosystem research has been largely atheoretical and static, and it focused mostly on advanced economies. In this paper, we therefore do two things. We first systematically review entrepreneurial ecosystem literature and propose a conceptual model that explicates three entrepreneurial ecosystemdynamics based on resource, interaction, and governance logics, respectively. We then systematically review empirical studies of emerging economy entrepreneurial ecosystems to build a theoretical framework that highlights their salient features. We reveal three key findings that challenge the direct application of the model vis-à-vis advanced economy entrepreneurial ecosystems to emerging economy entrepreneurial ecosystems: resource scarcities, structural gaps, and institutional voids. Our findings contribute to entrepreneurial ecosystem literature in terms of ecosystem dynamics and contextualizing entrepreneurial ecosystems in emerging economies. We also provide policy implications for emerging countries in fostering new venture creation.

As field crops are likely to be challenged by multiple pathogens during their development, the investigation of broad-spectrum resistance in the host is of great interest for crop genetic enhancement. In this study, we attempted to address this question by adopting a weighed gene co-expression approach to study the temporal transcriptome dynamics of resistant and susceptible recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an intraspecific Len ervoides cross during the infection process with either the necrotrophic pathogens Ascochyta lentis or Stemphylium botryosum , or the hemibiotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum lentis . By comparing networks of resistant and susceptible RILs, seven network module pairs were found to possess high correlation coefficients (R > 0.70) and large number of overlapping genes (n > 100). The conserved co-regulation of genes in these network module pairs were involved in plant cell wall synthesis, cell division, cytoskeleton organization, and protein ubiquitin related processes and appeared to be common disease responses against these pathogens. On the other hand, we also identified eight modules with low correlation between resistance and susceptibility networks. Among those, a stronger gene co-expression in R-genes and small RNA processes in the resistant hosts may be enhancing L. ervoides resistance against A. lentis , C. lentis , and S. botryosum , whereas the higher level of synergistic regulation in the synthesis of arginine and glutamine and phospholipid and glycerophospholipids in the susceptible hosts may contribute to increased susceptibility in L. ervoides .

Precipitation, as an important part of the hydrological cycle, is often related to flood and drought. In this study, we collected daily rainfall data from 21 rainfall stations in Shaanxi Province from 1961 to 2017, and calculated eight extreme climate indices. Annual and seasonal concentration indices (CI) were also calculated. The trends in the changes in precipitation were calculated using the M–K test and Sen’s slope. The results show that the precipitation correlation index and CI (concentration index) in Shaanxi Province are higher in the south and lower in the north. For the annual scale, the CI value ranges from 0.6369 to 0.6820, indicating that Shaanxi Province has a high precipitation concentration and an uneven distribution of annual precipitation. The eight extreme precipitation indices of most rainfall stations showed a downward trend during the study period, and more than half of the stations passed the 0.05 confidence interval test. Among them, the Z value of PRCPTOT (annual total precipitation in wet days) at Huashan station reached −6.5270. The lowest slope of PRCPTOT reached −14.3395. This shows that annual rainfall in Shaanxi Province has been decreasing in recent decades. These findings could be used to make decisions about water resources and drought risk management in Shaanxi Province, China.

Basin ecohydrological processes are essential for informing policymaking and social development in response to growing environmental problems. In this paper, we review watershed ecohydrology, focusing on the interaction between watershed ecological and hydrological processes. Climate change and human activities are the most important factors influencing water quantity and quality, and there is a need to integrate watershed socioeconomic activities into the paradigm of watershed ecohydrological process studies. Then, we propose a new framework for integrated watershed management. It includes (1) data collection: building an integrated observation network; (2) theoretical basis: attribution analysis; (3) integrated modeling: medium- and long-term prediction of ecohydrological processes by human–nature interactions; and (4) policy orientation. The paper was a potential solution to overcome challenges in the context of frequent climate extremes and rapid land-use change.

Precision herbicide application can substantially reduce herbicide input and weed control cost in turfgrass management systems. Intelligent spot-spraying system predominantly relies on machine vision-based detectors for autonomous weed control. In this work, several deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) were constructed for detection of dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale Web.), ground ivy ( Glechoma hederacea L.), and spotted spurge ( Euphorbia maculata L.) growing in perennial ryegrass. When the networks were trained using a dataset containing a total of 15,486 negative (images contained perennial ryegrass with no target weeds) and 17,600 positive images (images contained target weeds), VGGNet achieved high F1 scores (≥0.9278), with high recall values (≥0.9952) for detection of E. maculata, G. hederacea , and T. officinale growing in perennial ryegrass. The F1 scores of AlexNet ranged from 0.8437 to 0.9418 and were generally lower than VGGNet at detecting E. maculata , G. hederacea , and T. officinale . GoogleNet is not an effective DCNN at detecting these weed species mainly due to the low precision values. DetectNet is an effective DCNN and achieved high F1 scores (≥0.9843) in the testing datasets for detection of T. officinale growing in perennial ryegrass. Moreover, VGGNet had the highest Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) values, while GoogleNet had the lowest MCC values. Overall, the approach of training DCNN, particularly VGGNet and DetectNet, presents a clear path toward developing a machine vision-based decision system in smart sprayers for precision weed control in perennial ryegrass.

Unsupervised hyperspectral image (HSI) clustering is a fundamental yet challenging task due to high dimensionality and complex spectral–spatial characteristics. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient clustering framework centered on adaptive and diverse anchor graph modeling. First, we introduce a parameter-free construction strategy that employs Entropy Rate Superpixel (ERS) segmentation to generate multiple anchor graphs of varying sizes from a single HSI, overcoming the limitation of fixed anchor quantities and enhancing structural expressiveness. Second, we propose an anchor-to-pixel label propagation mechanism to transfer anchor-level cluster labels back to the pixel level, reinforcing spatial coherence and spectral discriminability. Third, we perform clustering directly at the anchor level, which substantially reduces computational cost while retaining structure-aware accuracy. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets (Trento, Salinas, and Pavia Center) demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.

Somaclonal variation and induced mutation are highly valuable sources of genetic variation for genetic improvement and research in horticultural crops; cellular and molecular characterization can greatly facilitate their uses in these areas. In the present study, 20 caladium variants were identified among ‘Tapestry’ plants that were regenerated from leaf cultures treated with or without colchicine. These variants showed changes in leaf main vein color and coloration pattern and were separated into ten groups based on leaf morphological changes. Five variants contained 3.3–9.7% more nuclear DNA than the wildtype and gained one, two or three chromosomes, while four variants contained 3.0–4.8% less nuclear DNA and lost one chromosome. Five, out of 22, simple sequence repeat-based molecular markers detected DNA banding pattern changes in 13 of the 20 variants. Two molecular markers (CaM24 and CaM62) detected DNA banding pattern changes in the same four variants, suggesting that these two markers may be located in the same chromosomal segment. Strong association between leaf characteristics (leaf blotching and main vein color) and molecular banding pattern changes with molecular marker CaM42 were observed in six variants, indicating that CaM42 may be associated with gene loci controlling leaf blotching and leaf main vein color in caladium.Key messageDetailed characterization of ‘Tapestry’ caladium variants revealed changes in nuclear DNA content, chromosome number and molecular marker banding pattern and associated gene loci controlling leaf characters with molecular markers.

The mismatch between supply and demand in the tourism and hospitality labor markets becomes increasingly serious in the past few years. The main reason for such a problem is that tourism and hospitality students are equipped with academic knowledge but lack VUCA skills. VUCA are the acronyms of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. However, little research has explored the antecedent mechanism of tourism and hospitality students’ VUCA skills. Hence, the purpose of the present study is to clarify the leading factors that would enhance tourism and hospitality students’ perceived VUCA skills. This study collected data by distributing questionnaires to senior students majoring in tourism and hospitality management (THM) from five universities in China. The results show: First, students’ perceived the effectiveness of outcome-based education (PEOBE) has a significant effect on their perceived VUCA skills and self-concept including cognitive self-concept (CSC) and affective self-concept (ASC). Second, THM students’ CSC is positively related to their perceived VUCA skills. Finally, the relevance of ASC and students’ perceived VUCA skills was not significant. The present study further justified that PEOBE is the prepositive variable of THM students’ cognitive self-concept, supporting the linkage effect of “PEOBE → CSC → self-efficiency → perceived VUCA skills”. From the practical implications, this study focuses on OBE as the entry point to explore the antecedent mechanism of THM students’ perceived VUCA skills, supplying a basic formulation of educational reform policies for the administrative department of higher education around the world.

Objective Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) is a protein that is produced and secreted by a significant number of breast cancers. However, a potential confounder to the use of AKR1B10 as a tumor marker is its elevation in patients given cytotoxic chemotherapy. We therefore conducted a prospective study to analyze AKR1B10 levels in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy. Methods The study enrolled 10 patients from November 2015 to July 2017. All patients had locally advanced, but non-metastatic, breast cancer, and they received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. Serum AKR1B10 levels and tumor imaging were assessed before, during, and after chemotherapy. Results No increase in serum AKR1B10 levels was noted in patients receiving chemotherapy whose levels were elevated at diagnosis. Conclusion The findings are complex, but the overall data suggest that AKR1B10 is suitable as a tumor marker in patients with elevated levels at the time of diagnosis.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, contribute to tumorigenesis, resistance to chemoradiotherapy and recurrence in human cancers, suggesting targeting CSCs may represent a potential therapeutic strategy. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) has recently been found to be a bona fide marker of colorectal CSCs. Our previous study showed that LGR5 functions as a tumor promoter in cervical cancer by activating the Wnt/ β -catenin pathway. However, very little is known about the function or contribution of LGR5 to cervical CSCs. Here, we have modulated the expression of LGR5 using an overexpression vector or short hairpin RNA in cervical cancer cell lines. We demonstrated that elevated LGR5 expression in cervical cancer cells increased tumorsphere-forming efficiency; conferred chemoresistance to cisplatin treatment; augmented cell migration, invasion and clonogenicity; and elevated the levels of stem cell-related transcription factors in vitro . Furthermore, modulated LGR5 + cells, unlike LGR5 − cells, were highly tumorigenic in vivo . In addition, the modulated LGR5 + cells could give rise to both LGR5 + and LGR5 − cells in vitro and in vivo , thereby establishing a cellular hierarchy. Finally, we found that the increased tumorsphere-forming efficiency induced by LGR5 could be regulated through the inhibition or activation of the Wnt/ β -catenin pathway in cervical cancer cells. Taken together, these results indicate that LGR5 has a vital oncogenic role by promoting cervical CSC traits and may represent a potential clinical target.