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Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have shown photovoltaic performances above 20% in a range of solar cell architectures while offering simple and low-cost processability. Despite the multiple ionic compositions that have been reported so far, the presence of organic constituents is an essential element in all of the high-efficiency formulations, with the methylammonium and formamidinium cations being the sole efficient options available to date. In this study, we demonstrate improved material stability after the incorporation of a large organic cation, guanidinium, into the MAPbI 3 crystal structure, which delivers average power conversion efficiencies over 19%, and stabilized performance for 1,000 h under continuous light illumination, a fundamental step within the perovskite field. Cation engineering has been used to tune the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Here, Jodlowski et al. introduce guanidinium, a cation slightly larger than previously thought possible, mixed with the traditional methylammonium cation, into the 3D structure, improving device stability.

Background: Mindfulness skills training is a core component of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) that has proven to be an effective stand-alone treatment for the general symptoms commonly present in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based DBT skills training (DBT-M) to interpersonal effectiveness-based DBT skills training (DBTIE) in reducing BPD symptoms. We also evaluated the specific mechanism of action of these therapies through two proposed mediators: decentering and emotion dysregulation. Method: A total of 102 participants diagnosed with BPD were included in the study. Multivariate repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed followed by a multiple mediation analysis. Results: The analyses showed that DBT-M was more effective than DBTIE in reducing BPD symptoms, although both interventions were effective in reducing emotion dysregulation. We identified a serial mediation model in which DBT-M reduced BPD symptoms by increasing decentering ability, which in turn reduced emotion dysregulation. This mediation effect showed that changes in decentering preceded improvements in emotion dysregulation. Conclusions: These findings underscore the key role of decentering as a primary mechanism of action in DBT-M, suggesting that this skill is a main component for BPD treatment. Keywords: Borderline personality disorder; mindfulness; decentering; emotion dysregulation; mediation analysis. Mindfulness en el Trastorno Limite: el Descentramiento Media la Efectividad del Entrenamiento. Antecedentes: el entrenamiento de habilidades en Mindfulness es un componente central en la terapia dialectica conductual para el tratamiento del trastorno limite de la personalidad (TLP). El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la efectividad del entrenamiento de habilidades DBT basado en mindfulness (DBT-M) con el entrenamiento de habilidades DBT basado en la efectividad interpersonal (DBT-IE), en reducir sintomas TLP. Tambien evaluamos el mecanismo de accion especifico de estas terapias a traves de dos mediadores propuestos: descentramiento y desregulacion emocional. Metodo: 102 participantes diagnosticados con TLP fueron incluidos en el estudio. Se realizaron Anova de medidas repetidas y analisis de mediacion multiple. Resultados: DBT-M fue mas efectivo que DBT-IE en reducir sintomas TLP, aunque ambas intervenciones fueron eficaces para reducir la desregulacion emocional. Identificamos un modelo de mediacion en serie en el que DBT-M redujo sintomas TLP al aumentar la capacidad de descentramiento, lo que a su vez redujo la desregulacion emocional. Este efecto de mediacion mostro que los cambios en el descentramiento precedieron a las mejoras en la desregulacion emocional. Conclusiones: estos hallazgos destacan el rol del descentramiento como un mecanismo de accion primario en DBT-M y sugiere que esta habilidad es un componente principal para el tratamiento del TLP. Palabras clave: trastorno limite de la personalidad; mindfulness; descentramiento; desregulacion emocional; analisis de mediacion.

Despite organic/inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells becoming one of the most promising next-generation photovoltaic materials, instability under heat and light soaking remains unsolved. In this work, a highly hydrophobic cation, perfluorobenzylammonium iodide (5FBzAI), is designed and a 2D perovskite with reinforced intermolecular interactions is engineered, providing improved passivation at the interface that reduces charge recombination and enhances cell stability compared with benchmark 2D systems. Motivated by the strong halogen bond interaction, (5FBzAI)2PbI4 used as a capping layer aligns in in-plane crystal orientation, inducing a reproducible increase of ≈60 mV in the Voc, a twofold improvement compared with its analogous monofluorinated phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) recently reported. This endows the system with high power conversion efficiency of 21.65% and extended operational stability after 1100 h of continuous illumination, outlining directions for future work.

The adult sex ratio (ASR) is a fundamental concept in population biology, sexual selection, and social evolution. However, it remains unclear which demographic processes generate ASR variation and how biases in ASR in turn affect social behaviour. Here, we evaluate the demographic mechanisms shaping ASR and their potential consequences for parental cooperation using detailed survival, fecundity, and behavioural data on 6119 individuals from six wild shorebird populations exhibiting flexible parental strategies. We show that these closely related populations express strikingly different ASRs, despite having similar ecologies and life histories, and that ASR variation is largely driven by sex differences in the apparent survival of juveniles. Furthermore, families in populations with biased ASRs were predominantly tended by a single parent, suggesting that parental cooperation breaks down with unbalanced sex ratios. Taken together, our results indicate that sex biases emerging during early life have profound consequences for social behaviour. Biases in adult sex ratio (ASR) are common, yet their causes and consequences are not well understood. Here, the authors analyse data from >6000 individuals of five shorebird species, showing that sex differences in juvenile survival drive ASR variation and biased ASR is associated with uniparental care.

Roma people, being the largest ethnic minority in Europe, continue to experience prejudice and structural discrimination. Moreover, there is low participation in Roma collective action and allies’ solidarity-based actions. This pre-registered experimental research examines on samples from non-Roma population in Spain how social class, discrimination awareness, and group efficacy predict prejudice towards Roma and non-Roma participation in solidarity-based actions as allies in addition to test the role of intergroup emotions on those effects. In Study 1 (N = 870) social class and discrimination awareness were manipulated. Results showed that individuals assigned to the low social class condition exhibited more prejudice towards Roma in terms of stereotypes, emotions and discriminatory behaviors. Moreover, discrimination awareness condition indirectly predicted more participation in pro-Roma solidarity-based actions through increased outrage about about the situation of Roma. Study 2 (N = 1,000) confirmed the effect of social class on prejudice. Further, it showed two different paths for predicting solidarity-based actions: discrimination awareness (high vs. low) predicted higher participation in solidarity-based actions indirectly via empathy towards Roma people and outrage towards about the situation of Roma, whereas group efficacy (high vs. low) predicted participation in solidarity-based actions through hope in relation to the situation of Roma and empathy towards Roma. This experimental research highlights the need to address the role of Roma social class as a crucial factor in understanding prejudice and confirms the discrimination (via outrage and empathy) and efficacy (via hope) routes for promoting solidarity-based actions participation to support Roma rights and promote social equity.

Maturation (the age when organisms are physiologically capable of breeding) is one of the major life history traits that have pervasive implications for reproductive strategies, fitness, and population growth. Sex differences in maturation are common in nature, although the causes of such differences are not understood. Fisher and Lack proposed that delayed maturation in males is expected when males are under intense sexual selection, but their proposition has never been tested across a wide range of taxa. By using phylogenetic comparative analyses and the most comprehensive dataset to date, including 201 species from 59 avian families, we show that intense sexual selection on males (as indicated by polygamous mating and male‐skewed sexual size dimorphism) correlates with delayed maturation. We also show that the adult sex ratio (ASR), an indicator of the social environment, is associated with sex‐specific maturation because in species with a female‐skewed ASR, males experience later maturation. Phylogenetic path analyses suggest that adult sex ratio drives interspecific changes in the intensity of sexual selection which, in turn, influences maturation. These results are robust to alternative phylogenetic hypotheses and to potential life‐history confounds, and they provide the first comprehensive support of Fisher's and Lack's propositions. Importantly, our work suggests that both social environment and mate competition influence the evolution of a major life history trait, maturation.

Although previous imaging studies in borderline personality disorder (BPD) have found brain abnormalities, the results have been inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate structural brain abnormalities using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and cortical thickness (Cth) analyses in a large sample of patients with BPD. Additionally, we aimed to determine the correlation between structural abnormalities and clinical severity and to assess its potential value at predicting psychotherapeutic response. Sixty-one individuals with BPD and 19 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Participants with BPD completed several self-report clinical scales, received dialectical-behavioral therapy skills training and post-therapy changes in clinical scores were also recorded. Gray matter volume (GMV) and Cth differences between groups were compared. Within the BPD group, we further characterized the structural brain correlates of clinical severity and investigated the relationship between pre-therapy structural abnormalities and therapeutic response. As potential confounders we included age, sex, educational level, and total intracranial volume (the latter only in VBM analyses). Compared to controls, the BPD group showed a reduced GMV/Cth in prefrontal areas but increased GMV in the limbic structures (amygdala and parahippocampal regions). Prefrontal abnormalities correlated with higher baseline scores on impulsivity and general BPD severity. Increased GMV in the parahippocampal area correlated with a greater emotion dysregulation. Importantly, several baseline structural abnormalities correlated with worse response to psychotherapy. Patients with BPD showed a reduced GMV in the prefrontal areas but a greater GMV in the limbic structures. Several structural abnormalities (i.e. middle and inferior prefrontal areas, anterior insula, or parahippocampal area) correlated with clinical severity and could potentially be used as imaging biological correlates biomarkers to predict psychotherapy response.

The synthesis, characterization and evaluation in solid-state devices of a series of 8 cationic iridium complexes bearing different numbers of methoxy groups on the cyclometallating ligands are reported. The optoelectronic characterization showed a dramatic red shift in the absorption and the emission and a reduction of the electrochemical gap of the complexes when a methoxy group was introduced para to the Ir-C bond. The addition of a second or third methoxy group did not lead to a significant further red shift in these spectra. Emission maxima over the series ranged from 595 to 730 nm. All complexes possessing a motif with a methoxy group at the 3-position of the cyclometalating ligands showed very short emission lifetimes and poor photoluminescence quantum yields whereas complexes having a methoxy group at the 4-position were slightly blue shifted compared to the unsubstituted parent complexes, resulting from the inductively electron withdrawing nature of this directing group on the Ir-C bond. Light-emitting electrochemical cells were fabricated and evaluated. These deep red emitters generally showed poor performance with electroluminescence mirroring photoluminescence. DFT calculations accurately modelled the observed photophysical and electrochemical behavior of the complexes and point to an emission from a mixed charge transfer state.

The most studied perovskite-based solar cells reported up to date contain the toxic lead in its composition. Photovoltaic research and development towards non-toxic, lead-free perovskite solar cells are critical to finding alternatives to reduce human health concerns associated with them. Bismuth-based perovskite variants, especially in the form of methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI), is a good candidate for the non-toxic light absorber. However, the reported perovskite variant MBI thin films prepared by the solution process so far suffers from poor morphology and surface coverage. In this work, we investigate for the first time the optoelectronic, crystallographic and morphological properties of MBI thin films prepared via thermal co-evaporation of MAI and BiI 3 . We find by modifying the precursor ratio that the layer with pure MBI composition lead to uniform, compact and homogeneous layers, broadening the options of deposition techniques for lead-free based perovskite solar cells.

Here, we provide evidence that the occurrence of haemosporidian parasites is poorly documented in most bird species in high extinction risk categories, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [1], and urge parasitologists, wildlife epidemiologists, ornithologists, and ecologists to study parasite prevalence and diversity in threatened species. Assessing the occurrence of haemosporidians in endangered birds is of utmost importance because parasites are often alleged to contribute to the risk of extinction [2], the percentage of the world’s bird species now considered as threatened is high and increasing [1], and blood parasites are common in wild bird populations [4] and can be easily screened using blood samples. The data generated in this line of research will be essential also for parasite conservation, as parasites may themselves be at risk of extinction nowadays [9], especially parasites specialized on threatened, rare, or geographically restricted hosts (e.g., the nearly extinct Felicola isidoroi, host-specific louse of the Iberian lynx [10]). CR, Critically Endangered; EN, Endangered, IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature; LC, Least Concern; NT, Near Threatened, VU, Vulnerable. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008626.g001 Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered bird species may be underrepresented in MalAvi because the occurrence of haemosporidians in these host species is rarely assessed or because studies not finding haemosporidians are not reported in MalAvi. [...]data potentially available in published papers and in the grey literature (e.g., technical reports, zoo reports, etc.) should also be explored.