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The population of Argentina is the result of the intermixing between several groups, including Indigenous American, European and African populations. Despite the commonly held idea that the population of Argentina is of mostly European origin, multiple studies have shown that this process of admixture had an impact in the entire Argentine population. In the present study we characterized the distribution of Indigenous American, European and African ancestry among individuals from different regions of Argentina and evaluated the level of discrepancy between self-reported grandparental origin and genetic ancestry estimates. A set of 99 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sample of 441 Argentine individuals to estimate genetic ancestry. We used non-parametric tests to evaluate statistical significance. The average ancestry for the Argentine sample overall was 65% European (95%CI: 63-68%), 31% Indigenous American (28-33%) and 4% African (3-4%). We observed statistically significant differences in European ancestry across Argentine regions [Buenos Aires province (BA) 76%, 95%CI: 73-79%; Northeast (NEA) 54%, 95%CI: 49-58%; Northwest (NWA) 33%, 95%CI: 21-41%; South 54%, 95%CI: 49-59%; p<0.0001] as well as between the capital and immediate suburbs of Buenos Aires city compared to more distant suburbs [80% (95%CI: 75-86%) versus 68% (95%CI: 58-77%), p = 0.01]. European ancestry among individuals that declared all grandparents born in Europe was 91% (95%CI: 88-94%) compared to 54% (95%CI: 51-57%) among those with no European grandparents (p<0.001). Our results demonstrate the range of variation in genetic ancestry among Argentine individuals from different regions in the country, highlighting the importance of taking this variation into account in genetic association and admixture mapping studies in this population.

The aim of this work was to assess the morphological variation and sexual dimorphism associated to aging processes in the Tehuelche community of El Chalía (Chubut, Argentina). A cross-sectional anthropometric study was carried on forty-three individuals of both sexes, divided by age groups: adults (from 20 to 60 years old) and seniles (from 61 to 80 years old). Data were processed by Multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc LSD (multiple range tests). Z scores were calculated using US standards as the reference. Senile aborigines showed lower values in the most of variables compared to adults. Sexual dimorphism was evident in almost all the variables. Skinfolds and fat area showed the greatest sexual differences, females being greater than males. Since historical Tehuelche aborigines are known to be the tallest South-American Indian, the short stature found in the current population may be associated to negative secular changes and the poor quality of the living conditions.