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In patients infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 who experience an exaggerated inflammation leading to pneumonia, monocytes likely play a major role but have received poor attention. Thus, we analyzed peripheral blood monocytes from patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia and found that these cells show signs of altered bioenergetics and mitochondrial dysfunction, had a reduced basal and maximal respiration, reduced spare respiratory capacity, and decreased proton leak. Basal extracellular acidification rate was also diminished, suggesting reduced capability to perform aerobic glycolysis. Although COVID‐19 monocytes had a reduced ability to perform oxidative burst, they were still capable of producing TNF and IFN‐γ in vitro . A significantly high amount of monocytes had depolarized mitochondria and abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructure. A redistribution of monocyte subsets, with a significant expansion of intermediate/pro‐inflammatory cells, and high amounts of immature monocytes were found, along with a concomitant compression of classical monocytes, and an increased expression of inhibitory checkpoints like PD‐1/PD‐L1. High plasma levels of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including GM‐CSF, IL‐18, CCL2, CXCL10, and osteopontin, finally confirm the importance of monocytes in COVID‐19 immunopathogenesis. SYNOPSIS Investigation of patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia revealed that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection affects innate immunity by reshaping peripheral blood monocyte subsets and altering their functionality, in terms of bioenergetics, membrane potential and expression of checkpoint inhibitors. A peripheral blood increase in intermediate monocytes, reduction of classical monocytes, increase of circulating immature monocytes and upregulation of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 on such cells characterize patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia. Monocytes display reduced oxidative phosphorylation, reduced extracellular acidification rate and altered mitochondrial ultrastructure. Monocytes had a reduced capability to perform the respiratory burst, although they still remain able to produce inflammatory cytokines. Several inflammatory cytokines and chemokine, including GM‐CSF, IL‐18, CCL2, IL‐6, CXCL10 and osteopontin are present at high concentration in plasma from COVID‐19 patients. Graphical Abstract Investigation of patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia revealed that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection affects innate immunity by reshaping peripheral blood monocyte subsets and altering their functionality, in terms of bioenergetics, membrane potential and expression of checkpoint inhibitors.

Cellular transformation and cancer progression is accompanied by changes in the metabolic landscape. Master co-regulators of metabolism orchestrate the modulation of multiple metabolic pathways through transcriptional programs, and hence constitute a probabilistically parsimonious mechanism for general metabolic rewiring. Here we show that the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC1α) suppresses prostate cancer progression and metastasis. A metabolic co-regulator data mining analysis unveiled that PGC1α is downregulated in prostate cancer and associated with disease progression. Using genetically engineered mouse models and xenografts, we demonstrated that PGC1α opposes prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Mechanistically, the use of integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed that PGC1α activates an oestrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα)-dependent transcriptional program to elicit a catabolic state and metastasis suppression. Importantly, a signature based on the PGC1α–ERRα pathway exhibited prognostic potential in prostate cancer, thus uncovering the relevance of monitoring and manipulating this pathway for prostate cancer stratification and treatment. Torrano et al.  use bioinformatics analyses to identify PGC1α as a transcriptional regulator of a metabolic program downstream of ERRα that opposes metastatic dissemination in prostate cancer.

Salp15, a salivary protein of Ixodes ticks, inhibits the activation of naïve CD4 T cells. Treatment with Salp15 results in the inhibition of early signaling events and the production of the autocrine growth factor, interleukin-2. The fate of the CD4 T cells activated in the presence of Salp15 or its long-term effects are, however, unknown. We now show that Salp15 binding to CD4 is persistent and induces a long-lasting immunomodulatory effect. The activity of Salp15 results in sustained diminished cross-antigenic antibody production even after interruption of the treatment with the protein. Transcriptionally, the salivary protein provokes an acute effect that includes known activation markers, such as Il2 or Cd44 , and that fades over time. The long-term effects exerted by Salp15 do not involve the induction of either anergy traits nor increased populations of regulatory T cells. Similarly, the treatment with Salp15 does not result in B cell anergy or the generation of myeloid suppressor cells. However, Salp15 induces the increased expression of the ectoenzyme, CD73, in regulatory T cells and increased production of adenosine. Our study provides a profound characterization of the immunomodulatory activity of Salp15 and suggests that its long-term effects are due to the specific regulation of CD73.

Nature 547, 109–113 (2017); doi:10.1038/nature22964 In this Letter, there are errors in Extended Data Figs 5, 8 and 9, and the affiliation of an author. The affiliations for author Violeta Serra should include number 2 (CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain).

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ncb3357

Nature Cell Biology 18, 645–656 (2016); published online 23 May 2016; corrected after print 22 May 2017 In the original version of this Article, the name of author James David Sutherland was coded wrongly, resulting in it being incorrect when exported to citation databases. This has now been corrected, though no visible changes will be apparent.

Cellular transformation and cancer progression is accompanied by changes in the metabolic landscape. Master co-regulators of metabolism orchestrate the modulation of multiple metabolic pathways through transcriptional programs, and hence constitute a probabilistically parsimonious mechanism for general metabolic rewiring. Here we show that the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC1α) suppresses prostate cancer progression and metastasis. A metabolic co-regulator data mining analysis unveiled that PGC1α is downregulated in prostate cancer and associated with disease progression. Using genetically engineered mouse models and xenografts, we demonstrated that PGC1α opposes prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Mechanistically, the use of integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed that PGC1α activates an oestrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα)-dependent transcriptional program to elicit a catabolic state and metastasis suppression. Importantly, a signature based on the PGC1α-ERRα pathway exhibited prognostic potential in prostate cancer, thus uncovering the relevance of monitoring and manipulating this pathway for prostate cancer stratification and treatment.