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"Carr, Edward"
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Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs
We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM
2.5
pollution impacts in 2020 with and without the use of low-sulphur fuels. Cleaner marine fuels will reduce ship-related premature mortality and morbidity by 34 and 54%, respectively, representing a ~ 2.6% global reduction in PM
2.5
cardiovascular and lung cancer deaths and a ~3.6% global reduction in childhood asthma. Despite these reductions, low-sulphur marine fuels will still account for ~250k deaths and ~6.4 M childhood asthma cases annually, and more stringent standards beyond 2020 may provide additional health benefits. Lower sulphur fuels also reduce radiative cooling from ship aerosols by ~80%, equating to a ~3% increase in current estimates of total anthropogenic forcing. Therefore, stronger international shipping policies may need to achieve climate and health targets by jointly reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution.
Aerosol pollution from shipping contributes to cooling but also leads to premature mortality and morbidity. Here the authors combine emission inventories, atmospheric models and health risk functions to show how cleaner marine fuels will reduce premature deaths and childhood asthma but results in larger warming.
Journal Article
ثورة البلاشفة 1917-1923
يتناول كتاب (ثورة البلاشفة 1917-1923) والذي قام بتأليفه (إدوارد هاللت كار) في حوالي (427) صفحة من القطع المتوسط المحتويات التالية : القسم الأول : الإنسان والأداة، الفصل الأول : أسس البلشفية، الفصل الثاني : بلاشفة ومناشفة، الفصل الثالث : 1905 وما بعدها، الفصل الرابع : من فبراير إلى أكتوبر، القسم الثاني : البناء الدستوري، الفصل الخامس : الثورتان، الفصل السادس : دستور الجمهورية الاشتراكية السوفيتية الروسية ... إلخ.
Book
Follicular regulatory T cells can be specific for the immunizing antigen and derive from naive T cells
T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a subset of Foxp3
+
regulatory T (Treg) cells that form in response to immunization or infection, which localize to the germinal centre where they control the magnitude of the response. Despite an increased interest in the role of Tfr cells in humoral immunity, many fundamental aspects of their biology remain unknown, including whether they recognize self- or foreign antigen. Here we show that Tfr cells can be specific for the immunizing antigen, irrespective of whether it is a self- or foreign antigen. We show that, in addition to developing from thymic derived Treg cells, Tfr cells can also arise from Foxp3
−
precursors in a PD-L1-dependent manner, if the adjuvant used is one that supports T-cell plasticity. These findings have important implications for Tfr cell biology and for improving vaccine efficacy by formulating vaccines that modify the Tfr:Tfh cell ratio.
T follicular regulatory cells control the magnitude of the germinal centre response. Here the authors show that these cells display specificity to self as well as foreign antigens, and can arise from Foxp3-negative precursors at early stages of immunization in a PD-L1 dependent manner.
Journal Article
Enhancing and expanding intersectional research for climate change adaptation in agrarian settings
Most current approaches focused on vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation to climate change frame gender and its influence in a manner out-of-step with contemporary academic and international development research. The tendency to rely on analyses of the sexdisaggregated gender categories of 'men' and 'women' as sole or principal divisions explaining the abilities of different people within a group to adapt to climate change, illustrates this problem. This framing of gender persists in spite of established bodies of knowledge that show how roles and responsibilities that influence a persońs ability to deal with climate-induced and other Stressors emerge at the intersection of diverse identity categories, including but not limited to gender, age, seniority, ethnicity, marital status, and livelihoods. Here, we provide a review of relevant literature on this topic and argue that approaching vulnerability to climate change through intersectional understandings of identity can help improve adaptation programming, project design, implementation, and outcomes.
Journal Article
ما هو التاريخ ؟
عندما نحاول إجابة سؤال (ما هو التاريخ ؟) فإن إجاباتنا تعكس يشكل واع أو غير واع العصر الذي نعيش فيه وتشكل جزاء من إجاباتنا عن سؤال الكبير بما النظرة التي ننظر بها إلى مجتمعنا يرى المؤلف أنه ليس كل واقعة ماضية تعد تاريخية أو ينظر إليها المؤرخ باعتبارها كذلك ومن ثم يشرع المؤلف في الجواب عن سؤال دقيق : ما هو المعيار الذي يميز الوقائع التاريخية عن غيرها من الوقائع الماضية ؟ وفي سبيل ذلك يناقش عددا من القضايا ذات الصلة بمشكلات الفكر التاريخي من منظور فلسفي قد قسم هذه القضايا إلى : (المؤرخ وحقائقه، المجتمع والفرد، التاريخ والعلم والأخلاق، السببية في التاريخ، التاريخ بوصفه تقدما، الآفاق المتسعة) هذا الكتاب هو واحد من الكتب المرجعية الأساسية في إبستمولوجيا التاريخ تعريفا بالحقل المعرفي ومناهج النظر فيه.
Book
Economist video. Israel's attack on Iran was a bold, but terrifying gamble
Israel's strike on Iran might just mark a devastating blow against the malevolent regime and the beginning of a transformation in the Middle East, but it is also a huge gamble, as our deputy editor, Edward Carr, explains.
Streaming Video
Economist video. How can liberals fight back?
The Economist was created 182 years ago to campaign for liberalism. But today we are living in a post-liberal age.
Streaming Video