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Aim The metabolic and psychological management of paediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can be challenging over time given that T1DM may cause a negative emotional burden and, consequently, result in poor metabolic control of the disease. The objectives of this study are to translate the Problem Area in Diabetes Survey–Pediatric version (PAID‐Peds) into Spanish, adapt it culturally and validate it. Design Multicenter cross sectional study. Methods 636 patients aged 8–17 years, diagnosed with T1DM, under treatment with insulin and follow‐up at the Miguel Servet University Hospital in Zaragoza (Aragón, Spain), the Ramón y Cajal University Clinical Hospital in Madrid (Spain) and at the Sant Joan de Déu Hospital in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) between 1 January 2023 and 31 December 2024 will be included. This study will consist of two phases: (1) Translation and cultural adaptation of the original PAID‐Peds® survey into Spanish following eight steps; (2) Validation of the Spanish version of the PAIS‐Peds® survey. The statistical analysis will be performed using Jamovi® 2.1.23. The reliability or internal consistency will be calculated using Cronbach's alpha index (considering an index higher than 0.8 to be good) and the test–retest will be evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. For validity, confirmatory factor analysis will be calculated. This study has been approved by the ethics and research committees at each centre. Results The translation and validation into Spanish language of the Problem Area in Diabetes Survey‐Pediatric version will be feasible, valid and reliable to detecting the youth‐perceived burden of T1DM. Therapeutic education in diabetes—recommended by the WHO and the Diabetes Education Study Group—has shown encouraging results in glycaemia and psychosocial and behavioural factors in T1DM.

Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, caused by Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are parasitic infections transmitted through faecal–oral routes or contaminated water. Although less common in Spain compared to developing countries, they pose a public health concern, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and immunocompromised individuals. This study aims to analyse the cases reported to the Microbiological Information System (MIS) in children between 2012 and 2021, as well as their distribution across sociodemographic variables. Proportions and infectivity rates were determined for epidemiological and sociodemographic data, and the incidence rate for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis was calculated annually and by health sector. The variables analysed included sex, age, health sector and weather. For both diseases, there was a significant decrease in the number of cases in 2020, suggesting the importance of person-to-person transmission. Children were infected by Giardia in significantly higher proportion (p < 0.001), being the majority in age groups 5–14 years, while the proportion of boys and girls infected by Cryptosporidium was almost identical (1.4% vs. 1.3%), in children aged 2–4 years. Periodically there was a significant increase in cases of cryptosporidiosis, apparently related to the presence of torrential rains. Transmission is related to increased temperature and rainfall. Person-to-person transmission in the paediatric population needs further investigation. This study provides the foundation for future research on the evolution of cases of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Spanish children. The data emphasise the need for informational campaigns on hygienic measures and efforts by public health authorities to maintain water resources in optimal condition to prevent parasite spread.

Background Metabolic control and psychological management of paediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can be challenging over time. Development of an instrument to assess the youth-reported burden could aid in preventing T1DM-associated diseases. Methods The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Spanish version of the Problem Area in Diabetes Survey–Pediatric version (PAID-Peds). A multicentre, cross-sectional translation and linguistic validation study was performed on a sample of 30 participants aged 8–17 years with a minimum 1-year history of T1DM diagnosed at the Miguel Servet University Hospital in Zaragoza (Aragon, Spain), Ramón y Cajal University Clinical Hospital in Madrid (Spain), and Sant Joan de Déu Hospital in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). The qualitative validation consisted of translation into Spanish and back-translation into English of the Paid-Peds survey and subsequent administration to the sample population. Data were gathered on parameters related to sociodemographic characteristics and metabolic control. Validity, feasibility, and test-retest reliability were evaluated. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, test-retest reliability by means of interclass correlation, and paired samples using the Wilcoxon W-test. The study was approved by the ethics and research committees at each participating centre. Results The study assessed 30 children (46.7% female) with an average age of 13.33 ± 2.98 years; mean age at onset was 5.70 ± 3.62 years, and the mean disease duration was 7.63 ± 4.36 years. The mean score on the PAID-Peds survey was 42.88 ± 17.85. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.90. Test-retest reliability measured by interclass correlation coefficient was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.63–0.90). No significant differences in total scores were found between test and retest (Wilcoxon W-test: 289; p = 0.051). Conclusions The Spanish version of the PAID-Peds survey is a feasible, valid, and reliable instrument to assess the youth-perceived burden of T1DM.

The objective has been to develop and validate a questionnaire to know patient experience in relation to nursing care during their hospital stay in the Spanish healthcare setting. To know patient experience will improve the quality of care of the healthcare system; therefore, we must count on validated tools so it can be evaluated in an accurate way. Method: a questionnaire containing 29 items alongside socio-demographic questions was developed. It was distributed to 158 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital. The psychometric properties were assessed through principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate construct validity, employing Cronbach’s alpha to test reliability. Results: The final tool contains 17 items grouped into 5 dimensions: interrelations, nursing care, information during hospital stay, information about patient’s rights, and discharge information. Two additional questions related to pain were added. The questionnaire showed adequate validity and reliability. Conclusions: we describe a new tool validated and adapted to the Spanish healthcare setting with adequate validity and reliability to assess patient experience with nursing professionals during hospital stay. This tool will serve to identify areas for improvement in hospital nursing care and as an instrument in the management and supervision of nursing teams.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in pediatric patients often leads to emotional distress, impacting self-management. The PAID-Peds survey measures diabetes-related emotional burden but lacks a validated Spanish version. This study aimed to validate the Spanish PAID-Peds survey in children and adolescents with T1DM and correlate it with diabetic metabolic control parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to December 2023, recruiting 636 patients aged 8–17 years from three Spanish hospitals. Psychometric properties were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha for reliability and confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity. Associations between PAID-Peds scores and clinical measures, such as HbA1c, were examined. Results: The final sample consisted of 538 participants (84.59% response rate). The PAID-Peds survey showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90). The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a satisfactory model fit (χ2 = 812.28, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.08). Weak correlations were found between PAID-Peds scores and HbA1c (r = 0.14, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Spanish PAID-Peds survey is a reliable tool for assessing emotional burden in pediatric T1DM patients. Integrating it into clinical practice may improve early identification of emotional distress, aiding in better diabetes management. Further research should explore its application over time and in intervention studies.

Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, caused by Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are parasitic infections transmitted through faecal–oral routes or contaminated water. Although less common in Spain compared to developing countries, they pose a public health concern, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and immunocompromised individuals. This study aims to analyse the cases reported to the Microbiological Information System (MIS) in children between 2012 and 2021, as well as their distribution across sociodemographic variables. Proportions and infectivity rates were determined for epidemiological and sociodemographic data, and the incidence rate for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis was calculated annually and by health sector. The variables analysed included sex, age, health sector and weather. For both diseases, there was a significant decrease in the number of cases in 2020, suggesting the importance of person-to-person transmission. Children were infected by Giardia in significantly higher proportion (p < 0.001), being the majority in age groups 5–14 years, while the proportion of boys and girls infected by Cryptosporidium was almost identical (1.4% vs. 1.3%), in children aged 2–4 years. Periodically there was a significant increase in cases of cryptosporidiosis, apparently related to the presence of torrential rains. Transmission is related to increased temperature and rainfall. Person-to-person transmission in the paediatric population needs further investigation. This study provides the foundation for future research on the evolution of cases of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Spanish children. The data emphasise the need for informational campaigns on hygienic measures and efforts by public health authorities to maintain water resources in optimal condition to prevent parasite spread.