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"Cass, Stephen"
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Hollyweird science : the next generation : from spaceships to microchips
Informative, entertaining and upbeat, this book continues Grazier and Cass's exploration of how technology, science, and scientists are portrayed in Hollywood productions. Both big and small-screen productions are featured and their science content illuminated--first by the authors and subsequently by a range of experts from science and the film world. Starring roles in this volume are played by, among other things, computers (human and mechanical), artificial intelligences, robots, and spacecraft. Interviews with writers, producers, and directors of acclaimed science-themed films stand side by side with the perspectives of scientists, science fiction authors, and science advisors. The result is a stimulating and informative reading experience for the layperson and professional scientist or engineer alike. The book begins with a foreword by Zack Stentz, who co-wrote X-Men: First Class and Thor, and is currently a writer/producer on CW's The Flash.
Book
Hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasty for reconstruction of translabyrinthine approach: aesthetic results, long-term satisfaction, quality of life, and complications
BackgroundTranslabyrinthine approaches (TLAs) for resection of skull base neoplasms are complex with variable reconstruction techniques. Fat grafts in conjunction with hydroxyapatite bone cement techniques have seldom been described in terms of possible superiority to other skull base reconstruction techniques. We sought to determine the impact of this skull base reconstruction technique on clinical outcomes and patient’s satisfaction.MethodWe performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent translabyrinthine approaches for resection of CPA lesions over a 5-year period. Both post-op objective and subjective markers of reconstruction, as well as postoperative complications, were collected and analyzed.ResultsSixty-nine patients were included, 34 underwent reconstruction with hydroxyapatite and fat (rHAC) and 35 with fat alone (rF). rHAC was associated with fewer cranial wound superficial infection/dehiscence (0% vs 14.3%; p = 0.029) and shorter length of stay (mean ± standard deviation) (6.9 ± 7.4 vs 4.4 ± 3.7 days, p = 0.008). Postoperative subjective characterization of rHAC demonstrated improved satisfaction scores (1.38 ± 0.5 vs 1.83 ± 1; p = 0.049) and fewer reports of post-operative irregularities (11.5% vs 37.5%; p = 0.017).ConclusionThe use of hydroxyapatite for cranial reconstruction after translabyrinthine approaches has improved patient satisfaction and decreased cranial defects in our small series. Postoperative complications are consistent with other described methods, but with shorter hospital stay, decreased risk of superficial wound dehiscence/infection, and a perceived superiority in preventing percutaneous post-op CSF leaks.
Journal Article
The FUT2 Variant c.461G>A (p.Trp154) Is Associated With Differentially Expressed Genes and Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Shifts in Patients With Otitis Media
Otitis media (OM) is a leading cause of childhood hearing loss. Variants in
FUT2
, which encodes alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase, were identified to increase susceptibility to OM, potentially through shifts in the middle ear (ME) or nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiotas as mediated by transcriptional changes. Greater knowledge of differences in relative abundance of otopathogens in carriers of pathogenic variants can help determine risk for OM in patients. In order to determine the downstream effects of
FUT2
variation, we examined gene expression in relation to carriage of a common pathogenic
FUT2
c.461G>A (p.Trp154*) variant using RNA-sequence data from saliva samples from 28 patients with OM. Differential gene expression was also examined in bulk mRNA and single-cell RNA-sequence data from wildtype mouse ME mucosa after inoculation with non-typeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi). In addition, microbiotas were profiled from ME and NP samples of 65 OM patients using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In human carriers of the
FUT2
variant,
FN1, KMT2D, MUC16
and
NBPF20
were downregulated while
MTAP
was upregulated. Post-infectious expression in the mouse ME recapitulated these transcriptional differences, with the exception of
Fn1
upregulation after NTHi-inoculation. In the NP, Candidate Division TM7 was associated with wildtype genotype (FDR-adj-
p
=0.009). Overall, the
FUT2
c.461G>A variant was associated with transcriptional changes in processes related to response to infection and with increased load of potential otopathogens in the ME and decreased commensals in the NP. These findings provide increased understanding of how
FUT2
variants influence gene transcription and the mucosal microbiota, and thus contribute to the pathology of OM.
Journal Article
Transient patulous eustachian tube in severe anorexia nervosa: A prospective observational study
Objectives
To understand the presence of transient autophony symptoms in patients being treated for severe anorexia nervosa (AN), and whether those symptoms were due to patulous eustachian tube (PET).
Methods
A prospective observational study was performed in patients requiring admission for treatment of severe AN. All enrolled patients completed The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ‐7) and were screened for symptoms of autophony. If patients reported autophony and had a score of ≥14.5 on the ETDQ‐7 they were asked to undergo comprehensive audiological testing and an evaluation with an otolaryngologist.
Results
Of the 73 patients enrolled in the study, 35 patients (44%) reported autophony and 36 (49%) scored 14.5 or higher on the ETDQ‐7. Of the 16 (22%) patients who had both autophony and an ETDQ‐7 score of 14.5 or higher, 7 patient s (representing 11 symptomatic ears) underwent evaluations by audiology and otolaryngology. Every evaluation of a symptomatic ear revealed objective evidence of PET. Nine of 11 (81.8%) symptomatic ears had subjectively resolved within 12 days of admission after nutritional rehabilitation and weight gain.
Conclusion
Transient autophony in severe AN patients is due to PET, and was present in at least 8% of patients within our cohort. Further study is warranted to understand the quality of life impact and pathophysiology of transient PET in this patient population.
Journal Article
Multi-omic studies on missense PLG variants in families with otitis media
Otitis media (OM), a very common disease in young children, can result in hearing loss. In order to potentially replicate previously reported associations between OM and
PLG,
exome and Sanger sequencing, RNA-sequencing of saliva and middle ear samples, 16S rRNA sequencing, molecular modeling, and statistical analyses including transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) were performed in a multi-ethnic cohort of 718 families and simplex cases with OM. We identified four rare
PLG
variants c.112A > G (p.Lys38Glu), c.782G > A (p.Arg261His), c.1481C > T (p.Ala494Val) and c.2045 T > A (p.Ile682Asn), and one common variant c.1414G > A (p.Asp472Asn). However TDT analyses for these
PLG
variants did not demonstrate association with OM in 314 families. Additionally
PLG
expression is very low or absent in normal or diseased middle ear in mouse and human, and salivary expression and microbial α-diversity were non-significant in c.1414G > A (p.Asp472Asn) carriers. Based on molecular modeling, the novel rare variants particularly c.782G > A (p.Arg261His) and c.2045 T > A (p.Ile682Asn) were predicted to affect protein structure. Exploration of other potential disease mechanisms will help elucidate how
PLG
contributes to OM susceptibility in humans. Our results underline the importance of following up findings from genome-wide association through replication studies, preferably using multi-omic datasets.
Journal Article
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Many patients consult their doctors because of dizziness or poor balance. Dizziness is nonspecific; it may result from a disorder of almost any organ system. Thus, the differential diagnosis for such patients is broad and should include medical, neurologic, and otologic causes. Vertigo, which is the illusory sensation of motion of either oneself or one's surroundings, may be a component of a patient's dizziness.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is one of the most common types of vertigo.
1
,
2
This condition presents as dizziness or vertigo of sudden onset that is provoked by certain changes in head position. The most common . . .
Journal Article
Migraine-Related Vestibulopathy
Migraine has been associated with specific vestibular disorders, including benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood and benign recurrent vertigo in adults. Migraine may also play a role in chronic nonspecific vestibulopathy. Because scant data exist that describe the clinical findings and vestibular function abnormalities in suspected migraine-related vestibulopathy, we reviewed the history, physical examination, vestibular tests (electronystagmography, rotational chair, posturography), and response to treatment of 100 patients with diagnoses of migraine-related vestibulopathy. Dominant clinical features included chronic movement-associated dysequilibrium, unsteadiness, space and motion discomfort, and occasionally, episodic vertigo as an aura prior to headache, or true vertigo without headache. Common vestibular test abnormalities included a directional preponderance on rotational testing, unilateral reduced caloric responsiveness, and vestibular system dysfunction patterns on posturography. Treatment was usually directed at the underlying migraine condition by identifying and avoiding dietary triggers and prescribing prophylactic anti-migraine medications. Symptomatic relief was also provided using anti-motion sickness medications, vestibular rehabilitation, and pharmacotherapy directed at any associated anxiety or panic disorder.
Journal Article
Vertigo and Disequilibrium
This updated edition provides a comprehensive basis for understanding, identifying, and treating the underlying multifactorial etiologies of dizziness and imbalance.Vertigo is a common malady for which patients seek treatment, yet the vestibular system and its associated disorders are often misunderstood.
eBook
Impact of vestibular nerve preservation on facial and hearing outcomes in small vestibular schwannoma surgery: a technical feasibility study
BackgroundManagement of small vestibular schwannomas (VSs) remains controversial. When surgery is chosen, the preservation of facial and cochlear nerve function is a priority. In this report, we introduce and evaluate a technique to anatomically preserve the vestibular nerves to minimize manipulation and preserve the function of the facial and cochlear nerves.MethodsThe vestibular nerve preservation technique was prospectively applied to resect small VS tumors in patients with serviceable preoperative hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) class A or B). Clinical and radiological data were recorded and analyzed.ResultsTen patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age was 40.4 (12.5) years. Follow-up ranged from 6 weeks to 2 years. The maximum tumor diameter parallel to the internal auditory canal ranged from 10 to 20 mm (mean, 14.9 (3.1) mm). There were three Koos grade 3 and seven Koos grade 2 tumors. Gross total resection was achieved in all cases. Both the facial and cochlear nerves were anatomically preserved in all cases. Postoperatively, 7 patients (70%) remained in the AAO-HNS class A or B hearing category. None of the patients had new vestibular symptoms, and all had House–Brackmann grade 1 facial function. Nervus intermedius dysfunction was observed in 1 patient preoperatively, which worsened postoperatively. Two patients had new nervus intermedius symptoms postoperatively.ConclusionImprovement of facial nerve and hearing outcomes is feasible through the intentional preservation of the vestibular nerves in the resection of small VSs. Longer follow-up is required to rule out tumor recurrence.
Journal Article
Bone Conduction Implants in Pediatric Cholesteatoma Management
Abstracts Free Papers (F664) ID: 664.3 Learning Objectives: Introduction: The use of bone conduction hearing implants (BCI) to management hearing loss in children with cholesteatoma/CSOM has not been well studied.
Journal Article