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This review aims to summarize the latest developments with regard to physical fitness and several health outcomes in young people. The literature reviewed suggests that (1) cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with total and abdominal adiposity; (2) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are shown to be associated with established and emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors; (3) improvements in muscular fitness and speed/agility, rather than cardiorespiratory fitness, seem to have a positive effect on skeletal health; (4) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness enhancements are recommended in pediatric cancer patients/survivors in order to attenuate fatigue and improve their quality of life; and (5) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness have positive effects on depression, anxiety, mood status and self-esteem, and seem also to be associated with a higher academic performance. In conclusion, health promotion policies and physical activity programs should be designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, but also two other physical fitness components such us muscular fitness and speed/agility. Schools may play an important role by identifying children with low physical fitness and by promoting positive health behaviors such as encouraging children to be active, with special emphasis on the intensity of the activity.

We report the physical properties of the 18 brightest (S 870 μm = 12.4–19.2 mJy) and not strongly lensed 870 μm–selected dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs), also known as submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), in the COSMOS field. This sample is part of an ALMA band 3 spectroscopic survey (AS2COSPEC), and spectroscopic redshifts are measured in 17 of them at z = 2–5. We perform spectral energy distribution analyses and deduce a median total infrared luminosity of L IR = (1.3 ± 0.1) × 1013 L ⊙, infrared-based star formation rate (SFR) of SFRIR = 1390 ± 150 M ⊙ yr−1, stellar mass of M * = (1.4 ± 0.6) × 1011 M ⊙, dust mass of M dust = (3.7 ± 0.5) × 109 M ⊙, and molecular gas mass of M gas = (α CO/0.8)(1.2 ± 0.1) × 1011 M ⊙, suggesting that they are one of the most massive, ISM-enriched, and actively star-forming systems at z = 2–5. In addition, compared to less massive and less active galaxies at similar epochs, SMGs have comparable gas fractions; however, they have a much shorter depletion time, possibly caused by more active dynamical interactions. We determine a median dust emissivity index of β = 2.1 ± 0.1 for our sample, and by combining our results with those from other DSFG samples, we find no correlation of β with redshift or infrared luminosity, indicating similar dust grain compositions across cosmic time for infrared luminous galaxies. We also find that AS2COSPEC SMGs have one of the highest dust-to-stellar mass ratios, with a median of 0.02 ± 0.01, significantly higher than model predictions, possibly due to too-strong active galactic nucleus feedback implemented in the model. Finally, our complete and uniform survey enables us to put constraints on the most massive end of the dust and molecular gas mass functions.

We present JWST NIRCam imaging targeting 13 z ~ 3 infrared-luminous (LIR ∼ 5 × 1012L⊙) galaxies from the ALESS survey with uniquely deep, high-resolution (0 .″ 08–0 .″ 16) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 870 μm imaging. The 2.0–4.4 μm (observed frame) NIRCam imaging reveals the rest-frame near-infrared stellar emission in these submillimeter-selected galaxies at the same (sub)kiloparsec resolution as the 870 μm dust continuum. The newly revealed stellar morphologies show striking similarities with the dust continuum morphologies at 870 μm, with the centers and position angles agreeing for most sources, clearly illustrating that the spatial offsets reported previously between the 870 μm and Hubble Space Telescope morphologies were due to strong differential dust obscuration. The F444W sizes are 78% ± 21% larger than those measured at 870 μm, in contrast to recent results from hydrodynamical simulations that predict larger 870 μm sizes. We report evidence for significant dust obscuration in F444W for the highest-redshift sources, emphasizing the importance of longer-wavelength MIRI imaging. The majority of the sources show evidence that they are undergoing mergers/interactions, including tidal tails/plumes—some of which are also detected at 870 μm. We find a clear correlation between NIRCam colors and 870 μm surface brightness on ∼1 kpc scales, indicating that the galaxies are primarily red due to dust—not stellar age—and we show that the dust structure on ∼kpc scales is broadly similar to that in nearby galaxies. Finally, we find no strong stellar bars in the rest-frame near-infrared, suggesting the extended bar-like features seen at 870 μm are highly obscured and/or gas-dominated structures that are likely early precursors to significant bulge growth.

Background Mental health issues in youths have cascading negative effects on school outcomes, professional life, and physical health. Psychological well-being (P-WB) is an important protective factor against mental illness. Preliminary research suggests that mindfulness- and yoga-based socio-emotional learning (SEL) interventions can each have a positive impact on preschoolers P-WB. The objective of this trial is to rigorously evaluate the effect of a 24-week combined mindfulness- and yoga- based SEL intervention in preschool children from a French socio-economically disadvantaged area. Methods The P-WB promotion intervention is compared to a wait-list control condition in a cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT). Sixty-four pre-Kindergarten classrooms are randomized to the intervention or control group. Primary outcomes measure self-management capacity and core P-WB components: connection, insight, engagement, and positive relationship. Secondary outcomes include measures of mental health, executive functioning, and school performance. Primary and secondary outcomes are assessed through teacher questionnaires, standardized observations of children in school context, and experimental tasks and by collecting results of the national evaluation at first grade. All children-level outcomes are evaluated at pre-intervention, at the end of the intervention, and 1 year later (follow-up analysis), to the exception of school performance which is evaluated at follow-up only. Intention-to-treat analyses, accounting for clustering within classes, will adopt a random effects linear regression model to examine outcomes for the intervention versus control children. Discussion This is the first trial to rigorously evaluate a combined mindfulness- and yoga-based P-WB promotion intervention, and the first RCT evaluating a SEL curriculum in French schools. Results may have key implications for P-WB promotion in preschool children. Trial registration https://www.drks.de/ DRKS00028623. Retrospectively registered on 30 May 2022

This study describes the development of electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity to detect pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus , in aqueous environments. The biosensors employ the antimicrobial peptides Ib-M1 and Ib-M6 as biorecognition elements, immobilized on gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrodes via a self-assembled monolayer. Detection was achieved through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, achieving remarkably low limits of detection of 1.4 CFU/mL for E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus , and 0.8 CFU/mL for P. aeruginosa . The biosensors exhibited linear detection ranges of 0–100 CFU/mL for E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus , and 0–75 CFU/mL for P. aeruginosa . Notably, the incorporation of carbon nanotubes significantly improved analytical sensitivity of the biosensors, particularly for E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus . These results highlight the potential of the proposed biosensors for rapid, on-site monitoring of microbial contamination in drinking water, food processing environments, and clinical settings.

Aging is associated with sustained low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to age-related diseases and mortality. Long-term exercise programs have been shown to be effective to for attenuating this process; however, subsequent detraining might negate some of these benefits. Master athletes, as a model of lifelong consistent exercise practice, have been suggested to present similar inflammatory profiles to untrained young adults. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether maintaining training habits throughout life can completely counteract low-grade inflammation associated with aging. We aimed to systematically evaluate comparisons of baseline inflammatory profiles in Master athletes, untrained middle-aged and older adults, and untrained young individuals to elucidate whether lifelong exercise can counteract low-grade inflammation associated with aging. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, and a protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024521339). Studies reporting baseline systemic levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in Master athletes and untrained controls were eligible for inclusion. A total of six databases (PubMed [MEDLINE], Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science [WoS]) were searched in September 2024, and studies were independently screened by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool for cross-sectional trials, and random-effect meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMDs) of inflammatory markers were conducted to evaluate comparisons between Master athletes and age-matched untrained middle-aged and older adults as well as Master athletes and young untrained subjects. Subgroup analyses were performed based on exercise intensity and type, and participants' sex. A total of 17 studies (n = 649 participants) were included both in qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Lifelong exercise appears to attenuate increases in baseline C-reactive protein, and to elevate anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 levels compared with untrained middle-aged and older adults (C-reactive protein: SMD - 0.71, 95% confidence interval - 0.97, - 0.45, I 0%, p = 0.78; IL-10: SMD 1.44, 95% confidence interval 0.55, 2.32, I 87%, p < 0.00001). Statistical significance was maintained in C-reactive protein and IL-10 sub-analyses. No difference in tumor necrosis factor-α levels was observed between Master athletes and untrained middle-aged and older adults (SMD 0.40, 95% confidence interval - 0.15, 0.96, I 72%, p = 0.0008). A trend towards decreased IL-6 levels in Master athletes was shown in pooled analyses comparing untrained middle-aged and older adults, and rendered statistically significant in sub-analyses. However, comparisons with young untrained adults indicated that Master athletes still present with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6, along with decreased IL-10. Master athletes might exhibit a more anti-inflammatory profile denoted by decreased baseline circulating levels of C-reactive protein and, potentially, IL-6, along with increased IL-10 compared with healthy age-matched untrained peers. However, lifelong exercise might still be insufficient to completely counteract age-related changes in tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-10, as shown in comparisons with untrained young adults.

Exchangeable copper (CuEXC), mainly comprised copper (Cu) bound to albumin, has been proposed as a specific marker of Cu overload in Wilson’s disease (WD). To the author’s knowledge, there are no methods capable of determining reliably CuEXC to meet the requirements and challenges faced by a clinical trial. The present work describes a novel speciation strategy for the determination of the main Cu-species in human serum by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). A label-free protein quantification approach was conducted where the concentration of Cu associated to the protein fraction was based on its relative peak area distribution and the total Cu concentration in the sample. Such a methodology was characterized in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, precision, and robustness. Due to the lack of speciated Cu-reference materials, protein recovery was assessed by comparison with that of species-specific (SS) isotope dilution (ID). For this, a double SS HPLC-ICP-IDMS method for Cu-albumin was developed and presented here for the first time. Three human sera (two frozen LGC8211 and ERM®-DA250a, and the lyophilised Seronorm™ Human) were analyzed using both the relative and ID quantification methods. The validated relative approach, with relative expanded uncertainties (k = 2) between 5.7 and 10.1% for Cu-albumin concentrations ranging from 112 to 455 μg kg−1 Cu, was found to be able to discriminate between healthy and WD populations in terms of Cu-albumin content. Also, using such methodology, underestimation of CuEXC by the classical EDTA/ultrafiltration method was demonstrated. The methodology developed in this work will be invaluable for quality control assessment and WD drug monitoring.

We describe introduction of the 2022-2023 Oropouche virus lineage from Brazil, which has caused large-scale outbreaks throughout Brazil, into the Amazon Region of Peru. This lineage is co-circulating with another lineage that was circulating previously. Our findings highlight the need for continued surveillance to monitor Oropouche virus in Peru.

• Wheat is the most widely grown crop globally, providing 20% of all human calories and protein. Achieving step changes in genetic yield potential is crucial to ensure food security, but efforts are thwarted by an apparent trade-off between grain size and number. Expansins are proteins that play important roles in plant growth by enhancing stress relaxation in the cell wall, which constrains cell expansion. • Here, we describe how targeted overexpression of an α-expansin in early developing wheat seeds leads to a significant increase in grain size without a negative effect on grain number, resulting in a yield boost under field conditions. • The best-performing transgenic line yielded 12.3% higher average grain weight than the control, and this translated to an increase in grain yield of 11.3% in field experiments using an agronomically appropriate plant density. • This targeted transgenic approach provides an opportunity to overcome a common bottleneck to yield improvement across many crops.