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"Castro, M."
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Eruption of ultralow-viscosity basanite magma at Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, Canary Islands
The viscosity of magma exerts control on all aspects of its migration through the crust to eruption. This was particularly true for the 2021 eruption of Cumbre Vieja (La Palma), which produced exceptionally fast and fluid lava at high discharge rates. We have performed concentric cylinder experiments to determine the effective viscosities of the Cumbre Vieja magma, while accounting for its chemistry, crystallinity, and temperature. Here we show that this event produced a nepheline-normative basanite with the lowest viscosity of historical basaltic eruptions, exhibiting values of less than 10 to about 160 Pa s within eruption temperatures of ~1200 to ~1150 °C. The magma’s low viscosity was responsible for many eruptive phenomena that lead to particularly impactful events, including high-Reynolds number turbulent flow and supercritical states. Increases in viscosity due to crystallization-induced melt differentiation were subdued in this eruption, due in part to subtle degrees of silica enrichment in alkaline magma.
The rheological properties of the 2021 Cumbre Vieja magma on La Palma, Canary Islands is investigated. The study indicates that this eruption was fueled by magma having among the lowest viscosities observed for mafic systems, and consequently produced lavas that were flowing in the supercritical and possibly turbulent regime.
Journal Article
The Eagle has landed : 50 years of lunar science fiction
\"In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing, the endlessly-mysterious moon is explored in this reprint short science fiction anthology from award-winning editor and anthologist Neil Clarke ... On July 20, 1969, mankind made what had only years earlier seemed like an impossible leap forward: when Apollo 11 became the first manned mission to land on the moon, and Neil Armstrong the first person to step foot on the lunar surface. While there have only been a handful of new missions since, the fascination with our planet's satellite continues, and generations of writers and artists have imagined the endless possibilities of lunar life. From adventures in the vast gulf of space between the earth and the moon, to journeys across the light face to the dark side, to the establishment of permanent residences on its surface, science fiction has for decades given readers bold and forward-thinking ideas about our nearest interstellar neighbor and what it might mean to humankind, both now and in our future. [This book] collects the best stories written in the fifty years since mankind first stepped foot on the lunar surface, serving as a shining reminder that the moon is and always has been our most visible and constant example of all the infinite possibility of the wider universe\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Tailoring PLA/Gelatin Film Properties for Food Packaging Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
This work investigates the modification of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film properties for food packaging applications through the incorporation of modified gelatin (Gel-mod) and a choline chloride/glycerol deep eutectic solvent (DES). PLA/Gel-mod/DES materials were melt-processed and evaluated with respect to structure, morphology, thermal and mechanical behavior, processability, wettability, barrier performance, and compostability. Two incorporation routes were investigated for adding Gel-mod into the PLA matrix: direct incorporation and masterbatch preparation. FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed improved interfacial interactions and more homogeneous dispersion when Gel-mod was directly incorporated, compared with the masterbatch route. DES acted as an effective plasticizer and nucleating agent, reducing Tg, increasing crystallinity, and enhancing processability while maintaining thermal stability. Mechanical properties decreased relative to neat PLA, primarily due to increased crystallinity and chain scission. PLA_4Gel-mod demonstrated a more balanced performance, with higher elongation at break and improved processability than the other formulations, likely due to its single processing cycle, which minimized PLA degradation. Increased hydrophilicity led to higher water vapor transmission rates, correlating with accelerated biodegradation. Overall, the synergistic incorporation of DES and gelatin provides a viable strategy to tailor PLA properties, enabling the development of compostable packaging films suitable for sustainable food contact applications.
Journal Article
The hammam effect or how a warm ocean enhances large scale atmospheric predictability
The atmosphere’s chaotic nature limits its short-term predictability. Furthermore, there is little knowledge on how the difficulty of forecasting weather may be affected by anthropogenic climate change. Here, we address this question by employing metrics issued from dynamical systems theory to describe the atmospheric circulation and infer the dynamical properties of the climate system. Specifically, we evaluate the changes in the sub-seasonal predictability of the large-scale atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic for the historical period and under anthropogenic forcing, using centennial reanalyses and CMIP5 simulations. For the future period, most datasets point to an increase in the atmosphere’s predictability. AMIP simulations with 4
K
warmer oceans and 4 × atmospheric CO
2
concentrations highlight the prominent role of a warmer ocean in driving this increase. We term this the hammam effect. Such effect is linked to enhanced zonal atmospheric patterns, which are more predictable than meridional configurations.
There is little knowledge on how the difficulty of forecasting weather may be affected by climate change. Here, the authors find that the atmosphere’s predictability may increase in the future due to warmer oceans.
Journal Article
Gut enterochromaffin cells drive visceral pain and anxiety
Gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort is a hallmark of most gut disorders and represents an important component of chronic visceral pain
1
. For the growing population afflicted by irritable bowel syndrome, GI hypersensitivity and pain persist long after tissue injury has resolved
2
. Irritable bowel syndrome also exhibits a strong sex bias, afflicting women three times more than men
1
. Here, we focus on enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which are rare excitable, serotonergic neuroendocrine cells in the gut epithelium
3
–
5
. EC cells detect and transduce noxious stimuli to nearby mucosal nerve endings
3
,
6
but involvement of this signalling pathway in visceral pain and attendant sex differences has not been assessed. By enhancing or suppressing EC cell function in vivo, we show that these cells are sufficient to elicit hypersensitivity to gut distension and necessary for the sensitizing actions of isovalerate, a bacterial short-chain fatty acid associated with GI inflammation
7
,
8
. Remarkably, prolonged EC cell activation produced persistent visceral hypersensitivity, even in the absence of an instigating inflammatory episode. Furthermore, perturbing EC cell activity promoted anxiety-like behaviours which normalized after blockade of serotonergic signalling. Sex differences were noted across a range of paradigms, indicating that the EC cell–mucosal afferent circuit is tonically engaged in females. Our findings validate a critical role for EC cell–mucosal afferent signalling in acute and persistent GI pain, in addition to highlighting genetic models for studying visceral hypersensitivity and the sex bias of gut pain.
Visceral pain and anxiety in mice are found to be associated with gut enterochromaffin cells, and genetic models for eliciting visceral hypersensitivity and studying the sex bias of gut pain are proposed.
Journal Article
Detecting and explaining why aquifers occasionally become degraded near hydraulically fractured shale gas wells
Extensive development of shale gas has generated some concerns about environmental impacts such as the migration of natural gas into water resources. We studied high gas concentrations in waters at a site near Marcellus Shale gas wells to determine the geological explanations and geochemical implications. The local geology may explain why methane has discharged for 7 years into groundwater, a stream, and the atmosphere. Gas may migrate easily near the gas wells in this location where the Marcellus Shale dips significantly, is shallow (∼1 km), and is more fractured. Methane and ethane concentrations in local water wells increased after gas development compared with predrilling concentrations reported in the region. Noble gas and isotopic evidence are consistent with the upward migration of gas from the Marcellus Formation in a free-gas phase. This upflow results in microbially mediated oxidation near the surface. Iron concentrations also increased following the increase of natural gas concentrations in domestic water wells. After several months, both iron and SO₄2− concentrations dropped. These observations are attributed to iron and SO₄2− reduction associated with newly elevated concentrations of methane. These temporal trends, as well as data from other areas with reported leaks, document a way to distinguish newly migrated methane from preexisting sources of gas. This study thus documents both geologically risky areas and geochemical signatures of iron and SO₄2− that could distinguish newly leaked methane from older methane sources in aquifers.
Journal Article
CRISPR/Cas13a‐Based MicroRNA Detection in Tumor‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) play essential roles in cancer initiation and progression. Quantitative measurements of EV miRNAs are critical for cancer diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring. Traditional PCR‐based methods, however, require multi‐step procedures and remain as bulk analysis. Here, the authors introduce an amplification‐free and extraction‐free EV miRNA detection method using a CRISPR/Cas13a sensing system. CRISPR/Cas13a sensing components are encapsulated in liposomes and delivered them into EVs through liposome‐EV fusion. This allows for accurately quantify specific miRNA‐positive EV counts using 1 × 108 EVs. The authors show that miR‐21‐5p‐positive EV counts are in the range of 2%–10% in ovarian cancer EVs, which is significantly higher than the positive EV counts from the benign cells (<0.65%). The result show an excellent correlation between bulk analysis with the gold‐standard method, RT‐qPCR. The authors also demonstrate multiplexed protein‐miRNA analysis in tumor‐derived EVs by capturing EpCAM‐positive EVs and quantifying miR‐21‐5p‐positive ones in the subpopulation, which show significantly higher counts in the plasma of cancer patients than healthy controls. The developed EV miRNA sensing system provides the specific miRNA detection method in intact EVs without RNA extraction and opens up the possibility of multiplexed single EV analysis for protein and RNA markers. An amplification‐free and extraction‐free extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNA detection method using CRISPR/Cas13a technology is reported. The CRISPR/Cas13a sensing components are encapsulated in liposomes and deliver them into EVs through liposome‐EV fusion. The new approach enables multiplexed protein and RNA analysis in intact EVs, quantifying specific miRNA‐positive tumor‐derived EVs in human plasma samples for more accurate cancer diagnosis.
Journal Article
A magneto-DNA nanoparticle system for rapid detection and phenotyping of bacteria
So far, although various diagnostic approaches for pathogen detection have been proposed, most are too expensive, lengthy or limited in specificity for clinical use. Nanoparticle systems with unique material properties, however, circumvent these problems and offer improved accuracy over current methods. Here, we present novel magneto-DNA probes capable of rapid and specific profiling of pathogens directly in clinical samples. A nanoparticle hybridization assay, involving ubiquitous and specific probes that target bacterial 16S rRNAs, was designed to detect amplified target DNAs using a miniaturized NMR device. Ultimately, the magneto-DNA platform will allow both universal and specific detection of various clinically relevant bacterial species, with sensitivity down to single bacteria. Furthermore, the assay is robust and rapid, simultaneously diagnosing a panel of 13 bacterial species in clinical specimens within 2 h. The generic platform described could be used to rapidly identify and phenotype pathogens for a variety of applications.
A magnetic detection assay based on nucleic acid probes and nanoparticles can rapidly identify a variety of bacterial species in clinical specimens with sensitivity down to single bacteria, offering a useful technology platform for point-of-care diagnostics.
Journal Article