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Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and survivorship at minimum 10-year follow-up of patients undergoing primary valgisation high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for medial osteoarthritis (OA), treated by Opening-Wedge HTO (OW-HTO) or Closing-Wedge HTO (CW-HTO). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients presenting to a single institution undergoing HTO for isolated medial compartment OA. Two hundred and twenty three HTOs for isolated medial tibio-femoral OA were performed between January 2002 and December 2010. Patients were eligible if they had minimum 10-year follow-up and received either a CW or OW-HTO. Fifteen (6.7%) patients died and twenty-five (11.2%) were lost to follow-up. One hundred and eighty three (82.1%) patients were included in the final analysis and divided into two groups: OW-HTO (96/183; 52.4%) and CW-HTO (87/183; 47.6%). Range of motion, KSS, KOOS scores, and conversion to TKA rate were analyzed between groups. Both groups were comparable regarding age, arthrosis stage, gender, ASA score and BMI at the time of HTO. Survival analysis was conducted with re-intervention for TKA as the end point. Results At the time of HTO, mean age was 55 years ± 7.9 (27–73.9) with 72.7% of patients being male. The mean follow-up was 13.3 years ± 2.7 (10–19). Sixty-four (34.9%) patients underwent TKA at a mean delay of 9.3 years ± 3 (3–16). The conversion to TKA rate was significantly higher in the CW-HTO group versus the OW-HTO group: 42.5% (37/87) versus 28.1% (27/96) ( p  = 0.04). The survival at 15-year follow-up was 59.2% in the OW-HTO group versus 54.6% in the CW-HTO group (n.s.). At 13-year follow-up, KSS Function score was significantly better in the OW-HTO (90.9 versus 82.4; p  = 0.007). No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the KOOS score, KSS Knee Score and complication rate. Conclusion At mean follow-up of 13 years, no significant clinical and survivorship difference was observed between the two groups. The conversion to TKA was significantly lower following OW-HTO. Minor correction was associated with risk of requiring subsequent TKA. Level of evidence Retrospective case series, IV.

In magnetic insulators, the sense of rotation of the magnetization is associated with novel phases of matter and exotic transport phenomena. Aimed to find new sources of chiral magnetism rooted in intrinsic fields and geometry, twisted square bilayers of magnetic dipoles with easy plane anisotropy are studied. For no twist, each lattice settles in the zig‐zag magnetic state and orders antiferromagnetically to the other layer. The moire patterns that result from the mutual rotation of the two square lattices influence such zig‐zag order, giving rise to several phases that depict non‐collinear magnetic textures with chiral motifs that break both time and inversion symmetry. For certain moire angles, helical and toroidal magnetic orders arise. Changing the vertical distance between layers can further manipulate these novel phases. It is shown that the dipolar interlayer interaction induces an emergent twist‐dependent chiral magnetic field orthogonal to the direction of the zig‐zag chains, which is responsible for the internal torques conjugated to the toroidal orders. Twisted square bilayers of dipoles with an easy plane anisotropy are studied. The relative twist induces magnetic torques prompted by an emergent interlayer magnetic field induced by the twist. The torque rotates dipoles and gives rise to new toroidal chiral orders, which are determined by the underlying moire pattern and can be controlled upon twisting.

This study aimed to determine the stress mechanisms induced by foliar methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application in Vaccinium corymbosum cultivars subjected to water deficit (WD) and aluminum toxicity (Al). Two V. corymbosum cultivars, Star and Legacy, were subjected to different treatments in an Andisol: control (80% field capacity and low Al saturation), combined WD + Al (50% field capacity and 85% Al saturation), and different concentrations of foliar MeJA application (10 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM) under WD + Al conditions. The determination of photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, and organic acids, as well as the auxin levels and the expression of Aluminium-Activated Malate Transporter (ALMT) and Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) genes, was analyzed at 7 and 21 days. Foliar MeJA application increased chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid levels, mainly at 50 µM, exhibiting early Star responses with up to 1.5-fold higher pigment accumulation, and a later increase in Legacy with up to 1.4-fold higher accumulation. Proline increases up to 2.2-fold in roots and sugar by 1.4-fold in leaves of both cultivars. The MeJA application increases the auxin levels by up to 2.3-fold in Star roots at 7 days and by up to 1.4-fold in Legacy leaves at 21 days. MeJA-induced upregulation of ALMT and MATE gene expression facilitated Al detoxification, with malate and citrate levels increasing up to 2-fold. Hierarchical clustering confirmed that the Star cultivar activated resistance mechanisms early, while the Legacy cultivar exhibited delayed but sustained resistance mechanisms. MeJA improves V. corymbosum resistance to combined WD + Al stress by modulating photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, organic acids, and hormone regulation. This finding underscores the biotechnological potential of MeJA application to improve stress resilience and optimize crop performance under adverse environmental conditions.

Due to climate change, water deficits (WDs) and aluminum (Al) toxicity are increasing, affecting plants, especially crops such as blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could mitigate these effects. This work aimed to evaluate the effective MeJA dose to overcome oxidative stress provoked by combined WD+Al stress in blueberries. Plants of Al-sensitive (Star) and Al-resistant (Legacy) cultivars were exposed to control (Al at 65 mg/Kg, 80% field capacity), WD+Al (50% field capacity; Al at 1665 mg/Kg), and WD+Al treatment with different foliar MeJA doses (10, 50, and 100 μM) during 7 and 21 days. Data revealed that plants exposed to WD+Al and treated with 50 µM MeJA reduced Al up to 3.2-fold in roots and 2.7-fold in leaves and improved water potential (Ψw) up to 2.5-fold. The sensitive cultivar decreased the relative growth rate under WD+Al, increasing by 1.9-fold with 50 µM MeJA. Under WD+Al stress, all MeJA doses mitigated the decrease in relative water content in Al-resistant cultivars, restoring values like control plants. In the sensitive cultivar, 50 µM MeJA increased photosynthesis (1.5-fold) and stomatal conductance (1.4-fold), without changes in transpiration. Lipid peroxidation decreased (1.2-fold) and increased antioxidant activity (1.8-fold), total phenols (1.6-fold), and superoxide dismutase activity (3.3-fold) under WD+Al and 50 µM-MeJA. It was concluded that the most effective dose to alleviate the WD+Al stress was 50 µM MeJA due to the activation of antioxidants in blueberry plants. Therefore, the MeJA application could be a potential strategy for enhancing the resilience of V. corynbosum exposed to WD+Al stress.

Fundación Letra Libre (FLL), es una organización chilena sin fines de lucro, orientada a promover, apoyar y fortalecer el proceso de lectoescritura de los niños y niñas de todo Chile, mediante el acompañamiento remoto y personalizado de un tutor a un estudiante de 1° a 3° básico.Son miles los niños y niñas en el país, que no están accediendo a una educación adecuada. La educación a distancia no se adecúa a la realidad de las familias vulnerables, muchas de las cuales no tienen los medios económicos y sociales para poder sostener un aprendizaje remoto. Asimismo, la mayoría de los establecimientos educacionales presentan dificultades para el contacto constante con sus estudiantes, junto al alto desgaste de los profesores por adecuar su enseñanza a este nuevo paradigma.FLL nace con el objetivo de ir en ayuda de este gran porcentaje de niños y niñas que no estaban recibiendo una adecuada educación durante la pandemia, en un escenario en que las personas se encontraban confinadas producto de las cuarentenas por COVID 19. En este contexto, FLL tuvo un crecimiento explosivo en su accionar, dado que la situación imperante permitía que las personas desarrollaran de manera expedita actividades orientadas a la filantropía desde sus casas.En la actualidad, y a raíz de los cambios ocurridos en el país en el último tiempo, FLL no ha podido establecerse como una organización permanente, debido a múltiples factores tales como el retorno a la presencialidad, que ha conllevado a que las personas no puedan seguir realizando actividades de voluntariado en la modalidad que venían desarrollando, lo que se tradujo en una disminución en voluntarios, tanto del equipo interno como tutores. Esta situación, sumado a una dirección estratégica y propuesta de valor poco clara y alineada con los nuevos tiempos, ha dificultado que FLL sea reconocida por sus diversos Stakeholders, como asimismo, el contar con un reducido número de financistas y acotado apoyo de empresas colaboradoras, ha implicado que FLL no alcance una sostenibilidad financiera y, por ende, el cumplimiento de sus objetivos corporativos se encuentre en una situación de riesgo, especialmente en lo relativo a ir abordando una problemática aún no resuelta, como lo es la educación en sectores vulnerables.Los Stakeholders relevantes de alto poder y de alto interés para FLL, serán un foco prioritario para este proyecto. Para ello, se establecerán los Stakeholders primarios: Financistas, Instituciones del sistema educativo local, colegios, equipo interno de la organización y beneficiarios; e igualmente, se determinarán los Stakeholders secundarios: Gobierno, Municipalidades e Instituciones relacionadas.Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo comunicacional principal estará orientado a Generar una estructura organizacional interna con lineamientos corporativos claros, que permita incrementar la visibilidad del accionar de FLL, incorporar nuevos financistas e incrementar montos recibidos, como así también, fortalecer el relacionamiento con sus Stakeholders. Para alcanzar el objetivo descrito, se trabajará en base a cinco lineamientos estratégicos:1.Establecer una Dirección Estratégica 2.Fortalecer el desempeño del equipo interno 3.Mejorar el Modelo de Negocio4. Adaptar la organización a los cambios del entorno5. Fortalecer el relacionamiento con tutores y financistas

In magnetic insulators, the sense of rotation of the magnetization is associated with novel phases of matter and exotic transport phenomena. Aimed to find new sources of chiral magnetism rooted in intrinsic fields and geometry, twisted square bilayers of magnetic dipoles with easy plane anisotropy are studied. For no twist, each lattice settles in the zig-zag magnetic state and orders antiferromagnetically to the other layer. The moire patterns that result from the mutual rotation of the two square lattices influence such zig-zag order, giving rise to several phases that depict non-collinear magnetic textures with chiral motifs that break both time and inversion symmetry. For certain moire angles, helical and toroidal magnetic orders arise. Changing the vertical distance between layers can further manipulate these novel phases. It is shown that the dipolar interlayer interaction induces an emergent twist-dependent chiral magnetic field orthogonal to the direction of the zig-zag chains, which is responsible for the internal torques conjugated to the toroidal orders.

En el trabajo se busca investigar el impacto de la habilidad medida como el ratio entre alfabetismo y analfabetismo sobre la industria bancaria (bancos nacionales) en el periodo 1870-1920. Dada la importancia de la inmigración se instrumentaliza la habilidad considerando shocks inmigratorios. Se genera un panel de datos para 1850 condados/territorios y se estima el efecto de la habilidad sobre el número de bancos, stock capital, préstamos y pasivos por persona. Para las principales estimaciones del trabajo nos centramos en aquellos condados que recibieron inmigrantes a lo largo del periodo analizado en el trabajo. Se encuentra que en zonas con alto desarrollo manufacturero o urbano donde había individuos más hábiles se localizó una mayor cantidad de bancos por persona. Por contraparte, en zonas no urbanas o con bajo desarrollo manufacturero donde predomina la necesidad de financiamiento individual se encuentra que donde eran menos hábiles se localizaron bancos de mayor tamaño. Un canal que explica este resultado es el capital de los inmigrantes, ya que los individuos hábiles al tener más capital (y en algunos casos sustento económico de su país de origen) demandaron un menor financiamiento de los bancos nacionales.

Discretionary transfers from the Chilean central government have grown significantly as a percentage of Chilean municipalities’ total financing. This paper investigates whether discretionary transfers act as a channel that gives electoral advantage to the incumbent political coalition that runs a municipality. We develop a simple theoretical model which predicts that the central government transfers more resources to the communes managed by mayors of its own political coalition, particularly in which the mayor won by a narrow margin. Then, in order to test the main results of the theoretical model, a Discontinuous Regression Design is applied using data from the 2004, 2008 and 2012 election periods. The results show that for the subset of communes with narrow voting margins, the central government transfers about an additional 250 million Chilean pesos to the communes that are administered by mayors of its own political coalition. Moreover, observing only the communes with the largest number of inhabitants there is a difference of 730 million Chilean pesos. Disaggregating by type of transfers we show that political discretion would be given only in some types of transfers. This is an important result because allows identifying the channels to be researched in the future and open questions about the influence of institutional and/ or strategic factors. Finally, disaggregating by election period, the results are always consistent with 2008 and 2012 election periods, supporting the fact that this discretionary mechanism has become important over time.

Analysis of jugular tracings in seven normal subjects in sinus rhythm whose heart rate varied spontaneously from one moment to another during expiratory apnoea, showed that a pronounced variation occurred in the size of the \"a\" waves in relation to that of the \"v\" waves and in accordance with the corresponding RR interval. In the 53 measurements which were carried out, the \"a/v\" ratio had a mean value of 0.9 for a heart rate above 87, 1.4 for a heart rate between 87 and 68, and 1.1 for a heart rate less than 68. The variations in the size of the \"a\" waves in relation to heart rate are explained by the place of atrial systole during the different phases of ventricular filling. This variation in the height of the \"a\" wave has also been found in patients with an atrial septal defect for heart rates between 62 and 86, and this could lead to misdiagnosis, either dismissing the diagnosis of atrial septal defect when the heart rate is around these values, or suspecting it wrongly when the heart rate is either slower or faster. When examining jugular tracings, one should therefore be cautious about interpreting the size of the \"a\" wave which should be evaluated as a function of heart rate.