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Determining the best location to serve companies’ profitability and sustainability is becoming more crucial every day, since the rivalry between companies is getting more intense. The transformation of economies from manufacturing orientation towards service based activities has resulted in a growing contribution of the service based economy in gross domestic product and workforce of developing countries. These recent changes in the economy are indicators that service facility related location science has received greater interest. Service location problems has been studied since the 1900s and interest on these types of problems has started to grow especially after the aforementioned economic transformation in the 2000s. A large number of problems have been investigated for different service facilities. However, there is a need for a survey that systematically classifies these papers in order to comprehend them thoroughly due to their prominence and complexity. This paper examines 90 papers that have been published on service facility location problems since 2000. The paper presents a classification based on 19 main characteristics including key features and descriptive dimensions of location problems in order to develop a taxonomy from an operations research perspective to assist the location scientists and practitioners who work on service facility location problems. Furthermore, service facility location problems are categorized according to their application fields and investigated in detail relating to each characteristic. We also draw interesting comparisons of characteristics between facility location problems in different application fields and highlight directions for future research.

Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) has become the most important psychometric factor for interpreting change in individual's responses over time from the patient's perspective, evaluating study results and planning sample sizes. The purpose was to synthesize and critically appraise MCID of the most frequently used hip-, knee-, foot-, and ankle-specific patient-reported outcomes (PROs). A search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from each site's respective inception through January 2019 for MCID in 25 PROs. The studies reporting their results with anchor-based method were included. 228 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 48 were included in the final evaluation. Our synthesis provides a comprehensive assessment of MCID for 16 disease or joint specific PROs. MCID of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (33.3%), International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (14.5%) and Knee Injury, and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (14.5%) was found to be the most commonly presented PROs. The studies mainly (85%) used the receiver operating curve analysis to elicit MCID. MCID is increasingly used as a measure of patient's improvement. However, MCID varied based on the analytic methods, study population, type of disease, the baseline status, change in values and treatments, and patient demographics. Therefore, it should be interpreted with caution.

Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are hyperirritable points located within a taut band of skeletal muscle or fascia, which cause referred pain, local tenderness and autonomic changes when compressed. There are fundamental differences between the effects produced by the two basic types of MTrPs (active and latent). Active trigger points (ATrPs) usually produce referred pain and tenderness. In contrast, latent trigger points (LTrPs) are foci of hyperirritability in a taut band of muscle, which are clinically associated with a local twitch response, tenderness and/or referred pain upon manual examination. LTrPs may be found in many pain-free skeletal muscles and may be “activated” and converted to ATrPs by continuous detrimental stimuli. ATrPs can be inactivated by different treatment strategies; however, they never fully disappear but rather convert to the latent form. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of LTrPs is important. This review highlights the clinical implication of LTrPs.

Purpose This study explored the effects of Pilates on the muscle strength, function, and instability of patients with partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in situations in which a non-surgical treatment option is preferred. Methods Fifty participants 20–45 years of age who were diagnosed with isolated ACL injuries were included in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to either the Pilates exercise group ( n  = 24) or the control group ( n  = 26). The subjects in the Pilates exercise group performed basic mat exercises that focused on the muscle strength and flexibility of the lower limbs and core muscles during each class session, which met three times per week for 12 weeks. The control group did not receive any treatment or home exercise programme. All patients were evaluated using the Lysholm Knee Scale, the Cincinnati Knee Rating System, and isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring strength. Patient satisfaction regarding improvement in knee stability was assessed using the Global Rating of Change scale. Results The Pilates group experienced significant improvement over the control group as measured by the difference in quadriceps strength at 12 weeks ( p  = 0.03). Both groups showed some clinical change over time, but the Pilates group improved for all outcome measurements at the 12-week follow-up, and the control group only improved for functional outcomes. Patient satisfaction with the level of knee stability based on the Global Rating of Change scale was higher in the Pilates group than in the control group. Conclusion Although both groups exhibited improvements in knee strength and functional outcomes, the results suggest that Pilates is a superior management approach over a control treatment for increasing quadriceps strength in participants with partial ACL injury. Pilates may provide clinicians a novel option when choosing a treatment for a partial ACL injury. Further study is needed to determine whether certain subgroups of individuals might achieve an added benefit with this approach. Level of evidence II.

Purpose To translate and culturally adapt the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) into Turkish and assess the psychometric properties of the translated version. Methods The FAAM was translated into Turkish according to Beaton’s recommendations and it is called FAAM-T. Ninety-eight patients (39 males, mean ± SD age 35.0 ± 14.0 years; range 16–71 years) with different foot and ankle complaints were included, and the score was completed twice by each participant after 7 days of the first assessment to assess test–retest reliability based on the inter-rater correlation coefficient, whereas Cronbach’s alpha evaluated internal consistency. External validity was evaluated with correlations between the FAAM-T, Foot Function Index (FFI) and Short Form-36 (SF-36). The distribution of floor and ceiling effects was determined. Results The test–retest reliability was 0.90 for both FAAM-T subscales. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.95 and 0.91 for FAAM-T activity of daily living (ADL) and FAAM-T Sport subscales, respectively. The FAAM-T ADL and Sport subscales demonstrated very good correlation with the FFI ( r  = 0.70 and 0.63, respectively). The FAAM-T ADL and Sport subscales had a high level of association with physical functioning and the physical component scale ( r  = 0.71, r  = 0.70 and r  = 0.51, r  = 0.55, respectively; P  = 0.001) of the SF-36. The weakest associations were found between the FAAM-T ADL, FAAM-T Sport subscales and the SF-36 the vitality ( r  = 0.27, P  = 0.008 and r  = 0.28, P  = 0.01, respectively). Conclusions The study provides preliminary evidence that the FAAM-T is reliable, valid and responsive outcome measurement of patients with foot and ankle pathologies.

Purpose The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) is a standard shoulder assessment form, which is comprised of objective and subjective sections and prepared by shoulder and elbow surgeons. The purpose of this study was to translate the subjective part of the ASES into Turkish and establish its cultural adaptiveness and validity. Methods The original version of the ASES was translated into Turkish in accordance with the stages recommended by Guillemin. Sixty-three patients (average age: 48.2 ± 13.4; range: 18–74 years) suffering from different shoulder complaints were included in the study. The ASES was completed twice at 3- to 7-day intervals for test–retest reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to calculate the test–retest reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha was used for internal consistency. Patients were asked to complete the short form 36 (SF-36) and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for correlation. Validity was evaluated by external correlation of the ASES with the SPADI and SF-S6 questionnaire, which may also be defined as ‘construct validity’. The results were analysed using Pearson’s correlation test. Results The test–retest reliability of the ASES pain and function subscales and total ASES score were 0.95, 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total ASES was 0.88. The correlation between the total ASES and total SPADI score was −0.82; the correlation coefficient between the ASES pain subscale and SPADI pain subscale was −0.79 ( p  < 0.000); and the correlation between the ASES and SPADI function subscales were −0.53 ( p  < 0.000). The highest correlation was between ASES and SF-36 bodily pain, as well as ASES and SF-36 mental health ( r  = 0.64, r  = 0.56, p  < 0.000), and the lowest correlations were between ASES and the SF-36 physical component score and between ASES and SF-36 social function ( r  = 0.28, r  = 0.33 p  < 0.000). Conclusion The Turkish version of the ASES is a valid and reliable shoulder assessment form that can be used for numerous shoulder disorders. Level of evidence III.

The strategic management literature reveals that organizational ambidexterity (OA) and technological innovation capabilities (TIC) have separate effects on competitive advantage (CA) and firm performance (FP). However, these two capabilities have not been investigated simultaneously and in comparison with the sector. The main aim of this study is to reveal the mediating role of CA in the effect of OA and technological innovation capabilities on FP. Using the research model based on quantitative data, the primary data were collected by applying an online survey to 770 people selected by the random sampling method from the textile/ready-made garment/leather sector representing the manufacturing sector and the information technology sector representing the service sector working under the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ICOC) in Istanbul. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that CA mediated positive and statistically significant effects of OA and technological innovation capabilities on FP, and this mediating effect differed by sectors. The current study provided insights into manufacturing and service sector firms. Based on these results, recommendations for researchers and firm managers are presented in the conclusion section.

Our purpose was to study the relationship between latent trigger points (LTrP) and levels of depression in healthy subjects. A total of 76 healthy subjects consisting of 40 men and 36 women (mean age, 25.4 ± 4.8 years; age range, 19–42 years) from the School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation and the Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department of Istanbul University Medical Faculty were selected for the study. Latent trigger points on the scapular muscles of each subject were evaluated. The upper and middle trapezius, supraspinatus, serratus anterior, and rhomboideus muscles were examined respectively, by palpation with the thumb, to determine whether there was pain. The first group consisted of 30 subjects (20 men and 10 women; mean age, 24.2 ± 5.02 years) who had previously been diagnosed as negative after an LTrP examination (control group), while the second group consisted of 28 subjects (12 men and 16 women; mean age, 23.6 ± 2.24 years) who had been diagnosed with at least five LTrPs. The third group consisted of 18 subjects (8 men and 10 women; mean age, 26. 9 ± 7.23 years) who had been diagnosed with more than five LTrPs. All groups were assessed, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The mean BDI value was found to be 8.0 ± 4.2 in the first group, 10.3 ± 3.4 in the second, and 28.5 ± 4.8 in the third. A significant difference was found between the mean BDI values of the first and second groups and also between the first and third groups. The mean BDI values of the second and third groups were also found to be statistically significant ( p  = 0.042). We observed a close relationship between the presence of LTrPs and depression levels in healthy people.

To translate and culturally adapt the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), a widely used instrument for evaluating disability associated with elbow injuries, into Turkish (MEPS-T) and to determine psychometric properties of the translated version. The MEPS was translated into Turkish using published methodological guidelines. The measurement properties of the MEPS-T (construct validity and floor and ceiling effects) were tested in 91 patients with elbow pathology. The reproducibility of the MEPS-T was tested in 59 patients over 7–14 days. The responsiveness of the MEPS-T was tested in a subgroup of 46 patients diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis and who received conservative treatment for 6 weeks. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to estimate the test–retest reliability. The construct validity was analyzed with the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Short Form 36 (SF-36). Effect size (ES) was used to assess the responsiveness. The distribution of floor and ceiling effects was determined. The MEPS-T showed very good test–retest reliability (ICC 0.89). The correlation coefficients between the MEPS-T and DASH and VAS were −0.61 and −0.53, respectively ( p  < 0.001). The highest correlations were between the MEPS-T and the mental component summary ( r  = 0.47, p  = 0.001) and role emotional ( r  = 0.45, p  = 0.001). The MEPS-T ES, 0.50, was moderate (95 % CI 0.33–0.62). We observed no ceiling or floor effects. The MEPS-T represents a valid, reliable and moderately responsive instrument for evaluating patients with elbow disease.