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Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a serious neurodegenerative disease that has no cure yet, but whose symptoms can be alleviated with available medications. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of the disease and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of pathogenesis are critically important. This study aimed to identify dysregulated miRNAs and their target mRNAs through the integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiling in AD patients versus unaffected controls. Expression profiles in postmortem brain samples from AD patients and healthy individuals were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches to identify gene ontologies, pathways, and networks. Finally, the module analysis of the PPI network and hub gene selection was carried out. A total of five differentially expressed miRNAs were extracted from the miRNA dataset, and 4312 differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained from the mRNA dataset. By comparing the DEGs and the putative targets of the altered miRNAs, 116 (3 upregulated and 113 downregulated) coordinated genes were determined. Also, six hub genes (SNAP25, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, DLG2, ATP2B2, and SCN2A) were identified by constructing a PPI network. The results of the present study provide insight into mechanisms such as synaptic machinery and neuronal communication underlying AD pathogenesis, specifically concerning miRNAs.

Obesity, which has become one of the biggest public health problems of the twenty-first century, accompanies many chronic conditions, including cancer. On the other hand, liver cancer, which is known to be associated with obesity, is considered another serious threat to public health. However, the underlying drivers of the development of obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain blurry. The current study attempted to identify the key genes and pathways in the obesity-induced development of HCC using integrated bioinformatics analyses. Obesity and HCC-associated gene expression datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and analyzed to identify overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and hub genes. The prognostic potentials, survival analysis, and expression levels of hub genes were further assessed. Moreover, the correlation between hub genes and the immune cells infiltration was analyzed. The findings of this research revealed that both mRNA and protein expression levels of the four hub genes (IGF1, ACADL, CYP2C9, and G6PD) involved in many important metabolic pathways are remarkably altered in both obese individuals and patients with HCC. The results demonstrated that these dysregulated genes in both obesity and HCC may serve as considerable targets for the prevention and treatment of HCC development in obese individuals.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, occurring mostly in individuals with chronic liver disease, but biomarkers for therapeutic diagnosis and prognosis are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the possible effect of the common food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) and tannic acid (TA), a phenolic compound, on the key molecular actors responsible for HCC development. Methods Eight HCC‐related public microarray datasets (GSE84005, GSE14520, GSE25097, GSE57958, GSE22058, GSE84402, GSE54238, and GSE36376) were extracted from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). To make sense of the identified biological data and to identify hub genes, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and enrichment analysis were performed. The mRNA expression profiles of the identified hub genes, expression changes in different stages of HCC, and their prognostic significances in HCC were determined using GEPIA, UALCAN, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter databases, respectively. Finally, mRNA expression changes of identified hub genes in the liver tissues of rats treated with MSG and TA were measured by the quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) method. Results Two up‐regulated (AURKA and CCNB2) and two down‐regulated (F9 and CYP2E1) genes were identified between the HCC tumor and adjacent non‐tumor liver tissue samples. qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of up‐regulated DEGs involved in HCC development increased significantly in rat liver tissues exposed to MSG, while this increase was remarkably suppressed by TA treatment. It was observed that the mRNA expressions of down‐regulated DEGs involved in HCC development decreased markedly in the presence of MSG, while this decrease was alleviated with TA. Conclusion Our results provide new insights into pivotal molecular candidates that should be focused on in future in vivo and in vitro HCC research. Moreover, MSG may play a crucial role in HCC development and progression and TA may be used as a favorable restorative agent in HCC.

Despite the fact that iron represents a crucial element for the catalysis of many metabolic reactions, its accumulation in the cell leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), provoking pathological conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and fertility. Thus, ROS are neutralized by the enzymatic antioxidant system for the purpose of protecting cells against any damage. Iron is a potential risk factor for male fertility. However, the mechanism of action of iron on the testicular antioxidant system at the gene and protein levels is not fully understood. Thus, the purpose of the current research was to ensure a better understanding of how the long-term iron treatment influences both gene expression and enzyme activities of the testicular antioxidant system in rat testis. The data of our study showed that a significant dose-dependent increase occurred in the iron level in rat testis. A reduction occurred in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, which represent a marker of oxidative stress, along with long-term iron overload. The expression and activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6pd ), glutathione reductase ( Gr ), glutathione peroxidase ( Gpx ), and glutathione S-transferases ( Gst ) were significantly affected by the presence of iron. The findings of the current research demonstrate that the long-term toxic dietary iron overload influences the gene expression and enzyme activity of the testicular antioxidant defense system, but the actual effect occurs at the protein level. This may modify the sperm function and dysfunction of the male reproductive system.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent and broad-spectrum drug widely used in the treatment of cancer. However, the toxicity and side effects of DOX on various organs limit its clinical use. Approaches using natural antioxidants with these drugs have the potential to alleviate negative side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of tannic acid, a polyphenolic compound found naturally in plants, against DOX-induced spleen toxicity. Expression levels of Alox5 , Inos , IL-6 , Tnf-α , Casp-3 , Bax , SOD , GST , CAT and GPx genes were determined using cDNAs obtained from spleen tissues of rats treated with DOX, tannic acid and both. In addition, SOD, CAT, GPx and GST enzyme activities, and GSH and MDA levels were measured in tissues. In the spleen tissues, DOX caused a decrease in the level of GSH and an increase in the level of MDA. In addition, it was determined that DOX had a suppressive effect on CAT , GST , SOD and GPx mRNA levels and its enzyme activities, which are antioxidant system components. The mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokine markers, apoptotic genes, and some factors involved in cell metabolism showed a change compared to the control after DOX application. However, as a result of tannic acid treatment with DOX, these changes approached the values of the control group. The findings showed that tannic acid had a protective effect on the changes in the oxidative stress and inflammation system in the rat spleen as a result of the application of tannic acid together with DOX.

We introduce a Bayesian approach method based on the Gibbs sampler for learning the Bayesian Network structure. For this, the existence and the direction of the edges are specified by a set of parameters. We use the non-informative discrete uniform prior to these parameters. In the Gibbs sampling, we sample from the full conditional distribution of these parameters, then a set of DAGs is obtained. For achieving a single graph that represents the best graph fitted on data, Monte Carlo Bayesian estimation of the probability of being the edge between nodes is calculated. The results on the benchmark Bayesian networks show that our method has higher accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), two main elements, have vital physiological and metabolic roles in animal bodies. Accurate comprehension of the interaction of these two elements and their value in various resources helps to obtain their optimal formulation in poultry diets. Hence, in previous studies, the hormonal axes controlling Ca and P homeostasis have been primarily investigated. However, to estimate Ca and P requirements in modern broiler chickens, in addition to growth performance, other parameters such as Ca and P digestibility, bone strength, and excretion into the environment should also be considered. Since a large amount of P in poultry feed ingredients is bound to phytate, phytases are added to poultry diets to release the P from phytate. However, many nutritionists need clarification on what dose of dietary phytase is required to release the maximum phytate P and how phytase activity will be optimized. Therefore, the present review study has attempted to explore the factors that affect the digestibility of different sources of Ca and P. In addition, the effect of excess dietary Ca on phytase activity and studies related to superdosing of phytase in broilers are provided. Finally, the values of phytate P in standard poultry feed ingredients and the latest update of the studies on determining Ca and P requirements are summarized.