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"Chan, Edwin"
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Building governance and climate change : regulation and related policies
The contribution of buildings to climate change is widely acknowledged. This book investigates how building regulatory systems are addressing the current and future effects of climate change, and how these systems can be improved. After presenting a comprehensive overview of how the current building regulatory system developed, some of the inadequacies are identified. The largest part of the book examines the potential for innovative policy solutions to address the real world problem of mitigating and adapting buildings to climate change.
Book
The Forgotten Role of Alcohol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Efficacy and Perceived Role of Chlorhexidine in Skin Antisepsis
Skin antisepsis is a simple and effective measure to prevent infections. The efficacy of chlorhexidine is actively discussed in the literature on skin antisepsis. However, study outcomes due to chlorhexidine-alcohol combinations are often attributed to chlorhexidine alone. Thus, we sought to review the efficacy of chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis and the extent of a possible misinterpretation of evidence.
We performed a systematic literature review of clinical trials and systematic reviews investigating chlorhexidine compounds for blood culture collection, vascular catheter insertion and surgical skin preparation. We searched PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website, several clinical trials registries and a manufacturer website. We extracted data on study design, antiseptic composition, and the following outcomes: blood culture contamination, catheter colonisation, catheter-related bloodstream infection and surgical site infection. We conducted meta-analyses of the clinical efficacy of chlorhexidine compounds and reviewed the appropriateness of the authors' attribution.
In all three application areas and for all outcomes, we found good evidence favouring chlorhexidine-alcohol over aqueous competitors, but not over competitors combined with alcohols. For blood cultures and surgery, we found no evidence supporting chlorhexidine alone. For catheters, we found evidence in support of chlorhexidine alone for preventing catheter colonisation, but not for preventing bloodstream infection. A range of 29 to 43% of articles attributed outcomes solely to chlorhexidine when the combination with alcohol was in fact used. Articles with ambiguous attribution were common (8-35%). Unsubstantiated recommendations for chlorhexidine alone instead of chlorhexidine-alcohol were identified in several practice recommendations and evidence-based guidelines.
Perceived efficacy of chlorhexidine is often in fact based on evidence for the efficacy of the chlorhexidine-alcohol combination. The role of alcohol has frequently been overlooked in evidence assessments. This has broader implications for knowledge translation as well as potential implications for patient safety.
Journal Article
وادي الملوك : دليل اللافتات
كتيب «وادي الملوك : دليل اللافتات» يقدم للزائر خلاصة معرفية وإرشادية تساعده على استكشاف الموقع الأثري بطريقة منظمة وآمنة. يتضمن الكتيب خرائط مبسطة تظهر توزيع المقابر وأرقامها، ولافتات توجيهية توضح مسارات الزيارة وأهم المعالم، إلى جانب لوحات تثقيفية عن تاريخ الفراعنة المدفونين وأسلوب التحنيط والرموز الدينية. كما يشتمل على تعليمات للحفاظ على الموقع، مثل منع التصوير أو لمس الجدران، ويعزز تجربة الزائر بربط بصري ومعلوماتي بين الموقع وتراث مصر القديم.
BOOK
Critical Factors Influencing the Adoption of Smart Home Energy Technology in China: A Guangdong Province Case Study
Smart home energy technology has been verified to be successful for energy reduction in the residential sector. However, the current penetration rate of smart home energy technology is at a low level. Considering the factors of economy, policy, and demographics, Guangdong Province in China is a suitable region as an exemplary case to promote smart home energy technology through the urban residents. Therefore, using Guangdong as the targeting area, this research examined the factors influencing residents’ intention to adopt smart home energy technology. A theoretical model based on the theory of planned behavior and Norm Activation Model theory was developed, with special consideration of the complex technical features. A questionnaire survey was performed in Guangdong Province and the data was analyzed by PLS-SEM. The analysis results indicated that residents’ attitude towards technical performance, social norm, perceived behavioral control, and personal norm all have positive influence on the adoption intention, of which, attitude towards technical performance had the strongest effect. On the other hand, the attitude towards economic performance was found not to lead adoption intention. To explain this consequence, the discussion based on behavioral economics was proposed.
Journal Article
Developing a Health-Spatial Indicator System for a Healthy City in Small and Midsized Cities
A recent examination of the significant role of public health has prompted calls to re-investigate how the urban environment affects public health. A vital part of the solution includes Healthy City initiatives that have been the subject of extensive policies, implications, and practices globally. However, the existing literature mainly focuses on big cities and metropolitan areas, while investigations into small and midsized cities (SMCs) are lacking, and thus reflect the underlying issues of health inequity. This study develops an indicator system for evaluating Healthy City initiatives in SMCs, linking urban design and public health, supported by the analyzed opinions from experts collected using both questionnaires and interviews. The indicator system includes six primary dimensions and 37 variables: urban form and transportation (UFT); health-friendly service (HFS); environmental quality and governance (EQG); community and facility (CF); green and open space (GOS); and ecological construction and biodiversity (ECB). A fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique was used to assess the relative importance of factors, emphasizing the importance of UFT, HFS, and EQG, with importance indexes of 0.175, 0.174, and 0.174, respectively. This indicator system is helpful for SMCs seeking to construct a Healthy City in the future, and is based on urban design and governance inputs and for enhancing the Healthy City knowledge base of cities of varied scales.
Journal Article
Reducing pediatric facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin related hospital admissions using an ambulatory protocol
To investigate the impact of implementing an Ambulatory Protocol for Dental Abscess and Facial Cellulitis (APD) on hospital admissions for pediatric patients with facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin (FCOO). Additionally, we explored the potential relationships of patient and oral health factors on admission status.
A retrospective chart review was completed for all patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) with FCOO between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2018. Treatment pathways were recorded as hospital admission, ambulatory treatment, or immediate treatment in the ED. Associations between patient demographic and oral health factors, and admission status were statistically analyzed.
A total of 452 children (0–18 years) were included in this study. A significant difference in proportions was observed between FCOO-related hospital admission and pre- versus post-APD implementation (X2 = 32.53, p < 0.001). Patients treated post-APD implementation had 62 % lower odds of admission (OR: 0.38, 95 % CI: 0.25–0.58). Age was the only significant interaction term. Older patients had 20 % greater odds of admission for each additional year of age post-APD (OR: 1.20, 95 % CI: 1.04–1.38). In the improved model with the interaction term, patients had 88 % lower odds of admission (OR: 0.12, 95 % CI: 0.05–0.32) post-APD. Primary maxillary first molars were most associated with FCOO, FCOO-related admissions, and these cases had 72 % lower odds of admission post-APD (OR: 0.28, 95 % CI: 0.13–0.58).
Improving access to ambulatory services, such as through SickKids' APD, was associated with decreased FCOO-related admissions.
•An FCOO-specific ambulatory protocol can reduce admission rates.•FCOOs can be considered an ambulatory care sensitive condition.•Maxillary first molars were the most causative tooth associated with FCOO.
Journal Article
A Review of Human Mobility Research Based on Big Data and Its Implication for Smart City Development
Along with the increase of big data and the advancement of technologies, comprehensive data-driven knowledge of urban systems is becoming more attainable, yet the connection between big-data research and its application e.g., in smart city development, is not clearly articulated. Focusing on Human Mobility, one of the most frequently investigated applications of big data analytics, a framework for linking international academic research and city-level management policy was established and applied to the case of Hong Kong. Literature regarding human mobility research using big data are reviewed. These studies contribute to (1) discovering the spatial-temporal phenomenon, (2) identifying the difference in human behaviour or spatial attributes, (3) explaining the dynamic of mobility, and (4) applying to city management. Then, the application of the research to smart city development are scrutinised based on email queries to various governmental departments in Hong Kong. The identified challenges include data isolation, data unavailability, gaming between costs and quality of data, limited knowledge derived from rich data, as well as estrangement between public and private sectors. With further improvement in the practical value of data analytics and the utilization of data sourced from multiple sectors, paths to achieve smarter cities from policymaking perspectives are highlighted.
Journal Article
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach for Assessment of Urban Renewal Proposals
The problem of urban decay in Hong Kong is getting worse recently; therefore, the importance of urban renewal in improving the physical environment conditions and the living standards of the citizens is widely recognized in the territory. However, it is not an easy task for the Hong Kong Government to prepare welcome urban renewal proposals because the citizens, professionals and other concerned parties have their own expectations which are difficult to be addressed all at the same time. Although it is impossible to satisfy all stakeholders concerning urban renewal, it is preferable to have proposals conforming to the interests of the majority and beneficial to the present and future generations. This paper adopts the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to work out the most sustainable design proposal for an area undergoing urban renewal. AHP is a robust multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method for solving social, governmental and corporate decision problems. Since there is a lack of published papers demonstrating a systematic and effective way for urban renewal proposal assessment, this paper attempts to fill this gap with the help of AHP.
Journal Article
The reporting checklist for public versions of guidelines: RIGHT-PVG
Background
Public or patient versions of guidelines (PVGs) are derivative documents that “translate” recommendations and their rationale from clinical guidelines for health professionals into a more easily understandable and usable format for patients and the public. PVGs from different groups and organizations vary considerably in terms of quality of their reporting. In order to address this issue, we aimed to develop a reporting checklist for developers of PVGs and other potential users.
Methods
First, we collected a list of potential items through reviewing a sample of PVGs, existing guidance for developing and reporting PVGs or other similar evidence-based patient tools, as well as qualitative studies on original studies of patients’ needs about the content and/or reporting of information in PVGs or similar evidence-based patient tools. Second, we conducted a two-round Delphi consultation to determine the level of consensus on the items to be included in the final reporting checklist. Third, we invited two external reviewers to provide comments on the checklist.
Results
We generated the initial list of 45 reporting items based on a review of a sample of 30 PVGs, four PVG guidance documents, and 46 relevant studies. After the two-round Delphi consultation, we formed a checklist of 17 items grouped under 12 topics for reporting PVGs.
Conclusion
The RIGHT-PVG reporting checklist provides an international consensus on the important criteria for reporting PVGs.
Journal Article
Are green buildings more liveable than conventional buildings? An examination from the perspective of occupants
In response to excessive energy consumption and severe pollution, green building has gained increasing attention around the world. Governments’ top-down incentive schemes and consumers’ bottom-up choice preferences are two major channels of residential green building promotion. Regarding the bottom-up route, high liveability performance is critical to ensuring that occupants are willing to make secondary purchases or provide recommendations. Therefore, this paper, using post-occupancy evaluation, aims to evaluate and compare the liveability performance of green and conventional buildings from the perspectives of occupants. The results verified that the eco-label effect (i.e., subjective differences for building types) influenced the occupants’ evaluations of building performance. When controlling for eco-label bias, we found that green buildings were not superior to conventional buildings in terms of liveability. This is highly relevant to evaluations of the orientation of green building certifications that concentrate on the consumption of energy and material resources but neglect the living experience of occupants. In addition, indicators related to thermal comfort (e.g., indoor temperature or frequency of air conditioner use) played an important role in the occupants’ liveability evaluations. These findings provide concrete guidance regarding how the evaluation systems of green building certifications in various countries should be upgraded in the near future.
Journal Article