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Local Governance and School-based Approaches to English Language Acquisition: A Comparative Analysis
In order to improve the effectiveness of English acquisition, it is necessary to discuss it in conjunction with local governance policies. Local governments should conduct an analysis of English acquisition from the aspects of policies, systems, and social participation. This paper puts forward three hypotheses: local policies and systems can improve the effectiveness of English learning, which are related. Public attention can promote the improvement of English acquisition effect and play a supervisory role; Laws and regulations can ensure the foundation of basic conditions for English acquisition and promote the improvement of school infrastructure. The results show that local policies and institutions are the conditions for improving English acquisition methods, social attention is the condition for verification, and school infrastructure is the key condition. Social issues, local policies and institutions all play an indirect role in promoting English language acquisition, while infrastructure plays a direct role. Therefore, local governments should improve English acquisition policies and systems, promote the introduction of English acquisition laws and regulations, and guide the public to supervise.
Journal Article
Hormonal and reproductive factors in relation to the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women: a prospective cohort study with 223 526 participants
ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk associated with hormonal and reproductive factors in women from the large cohort of the UK Biobank.MethodsData on hormonal and reproductive factors in women were collected from a prospective cohort of 223 526 UK Biobank participants. The potential relationship between reproductive factors and RA risk was assessed using restricted cubic spline. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regressions.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 12.39 years, 3313 women with RA were identified. Age at menarche >14 years was associated with a greater RA risk (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.26) compared with menarche at 13. The multiple adjusted HR for RA in women with menopause at <45 years was 1.46. Reproductive years <33 increased the risk of RA (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.59). Compared with those with 2 children, women with ≥4 children were associated with a higher risk of RA (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.34). Women who had a hysterectomy (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.56) or oophorectomy (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.35) had a higher risk of RA than those without a hysterectomy or oophorectomy. Both hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.57) and HRT duration (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03) were associated with a higher risk of RA.ConclusionsSome hormonal and reproductive factors were associated with a higher risk of RA. Hormonal and reproductive factors should be considered in risk assessment and formulating management plans in female patients with RA.
Journal Article
Visual prognosis of Behçet’s uveitis patients in China and its associated factors
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing, multisystem inflammatory disorder, with ocular involvement being a major cause of irreversible visual impairment. Behçet's uveitis (BU) often presents as bilateral, recurrent, non-granulomatous panuveitis with occlusive retinal vasculitis. Despite advances in immunosuppressive and biologic therapies, long-term visual outcomes remain variable, and factors associated with poor prognosis, particularly in Chinese populations, are not well defined.
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 153 Chinese patients (268 eyes) with BU at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from February 2003 to February 2023. Clinical records, ocular examinations, and systemic manifestations were reviewed. The primary endpoint was severe visual impairment (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] <20/200) at the final follow-up. Secondary endpoints included ocular complications and their impact on visual outcomes. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and mixed-effects logistic regression (accounting for inter-eye correlation) were used to evaluate risk factors for poor visual prognosis.
Among the cohort, 77.8% were male, and bilateral involvement occurred in 84.3%. Median follow-up was 30 months. Panuveitis was the predominant form (90.3%), and cataract (64.9%) and macular edema (63.1%) were the most common complications. At final follow-up, 25.4% of eyes had BCVA <20/200. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed cumulative risk of severe visual loss of 3.5% at 1 year, 11.0% at 2 years, 19.2% at 5 years, and 41.4% at 10 years. Male patients experienced visual impairment earlier than females. Mixed-effects logistic regression identified macular damage (p=0.027, OR = 3.70) and optic nerve atrophy (p<0.001, OR = 6.47) as significant predictors of poor visual outcomes, while complete-type BD showed a trend toward association (p=0.072, OR = 2.00). Systemic disease severity was not significantly associated with visual prognosis.
In this Chinese cohort with BU, irreversible ocular structural damage, particularly macular damage and optic nerve atrophy, was the primary determinant of long-term visual outcomes. Systemic disease severity had limited predictive value. Despite improvements compared with historical data, these findings highlight the critical importance of early recognition and effective management of posterior segment inflammation to prevent permanent visual impairment.
Journal Article
Extraction and Purification of Flavonoids and Antiviral and Antioxidant Activities of Polygonum perfoliatum L
The aim of the present study was to optimize the process parameters for the extraction and purification of total flavonoids from Polygonum perfoliatum L., in addition to analyzing their chemical composition and evaluating their activity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and antioxidant activity. The optimum extraction process was determined using one-way and response surface methods with the following conditions: ethanol concentration of 82.00%, temperature of 90.29 °C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:32.78 g/mL, extraction time of 1.5 h, and two extractions with a yield of 14.98 ± 0.11 mg/g. Purification was then carried out using D101 macroporous resin to obtain a flavonoid purity of 43.00 ± 2.55%, which was 3.38 times higher than that of the crude extract (12.74 ± 1.04%). Further purification was carried out using a 1:9 hybrid column of macroporous resin and polyamide, and the purity of flavonoids was enhanced to 59.02 ± 2.23%, which is 1.37 times higher than that of the macroporous resin purifier (43.00 ± 2.55%) and 4.63 times higher than that of the crude extract (12.74 ± 1.04%). Seventy-nine flavonoids were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). In addition, the purified flavonoids showed good anti-VZV and antioxidant activities. Therefore, this study can provide technical support and theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Polygonum perfoliatum L. resources.
Journal Article
A Review of Intraocular Biomolecules in Retinal Vein Occlusion: Toward Potential Biomarkers for Companion Diagnostics
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is one of the most common retinal vascular diseases. The pathogenesis of RVO is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay among a variety of vascular and inflammatory mediators. Many cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and cell adhesion molecules have been reported to be implicated. Treatments for RVO are directed at the management of underlying risk factors and vision-threatening complications, including macula edema (ME) and neovascularization. Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents are currently considered as the first-line treatment for ME secondary to RVO (RVO-ME), but a substantial proportion of patients responded insufficiently to anti-VEGF agents. Since RVO-ME refractory to anti-VEGF agents generally responds to corticosteroids and its visual outcome is negatively correlated to disease duration, prediction of treatment response at baseline in RVO-ME may significantly improve both cost-effectiveness and visual prognosis. Several bioactive molecules in the aqueous humor were found to be associated with disease status in RVO. This review aims to present a comprehensive review of intraocular biomolecules reported in RVO, including VEGF, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, sICAM-1, IL-12, IL-13, sVEGFR-1, sVEGFR-2, PDGF-AA, etc., highlighting their association with disease severity and/or phenotype, and their potential roles in prognostic prediction and treatment selection. Some of these molecules may serve as biomarkers for aqueous humor-based companion diagnostics for the treatment of RVO in the future.
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