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This study was conducted to determine the muscular arrangement of the human pyloric sphincter using a comprehensive approach that involved microdissection, histology, and microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT). The stomachs of 80 embalmed Korean adult cadavers were obtained. In all specimens, loose muscular tissue of the innermost aspect of the sphincter wall ran aborally, forming the newly found inner longitudinal muscle bundles, entered the duodenum, and connected with the nearby circular bundles. In all specimens, approximately one-third of the outer longitudinal layer of the sphincter entered its inner circular layer, divided the circular layer into several parts, and finally connected with the circular bundles. Anatomical findings around the sphincter were confirmed in micro-CT images. The sphincter wall comprised three layers: an inner layer of longitudinal bundles, a middle layer of major circular and minor longitudinal bundles, and an outer layer of longitudinal bundles. The stomach outer longitudinal bundles were connected to the sphincter circular bundles. The inner longitudinal bundles of the sphincter were connected to the adjacent circular bundles of the duodenum.

The aim of this study was to clarify the heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles acting on the nasolabial fold (NLF) by dissection and three-dimensional microcomputed tomography for use in aesthetic treatments. This study used 56 specimens from 34 embalmed adult Korean. A reference line (RF) was set to imitate the NLF after removing the skin, from the superior point of the alar facial crease to the lateral point of the orbicularis oris muscle at the level of the corner of the mouth. The heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles along the RF could be categorized into five main patterns. The dominant pattern was that the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (LLSAN), levator labii superioris muscle (LLS), zygomaticus minor muscle (Zmi), and zygomaticus major muscle (Zmj) were on the medial third, medial half, middle third, and lateral third of the RF, respectively. In micro-CT imaging, beneath the skin of the medial half of the NLF, the LLSAN and Zmi fibers inserted into the dermis of the NLF and adjacent to the NLF. Beneath the skin of the middle third of the NLF, the Zmi fibers were found before the muscle inserted into the dermis of the NLF and adjacent to the NLF. Beneath the skin of the lateral third of the NLF, the lateral margin of the orbicularis oris muscle and some Zmj fibers were found at the location of the NLF. The present study utilized dissections and micro-CT to reveal the general pattern and variations of heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles passing beneath the NLF. These findings will be useful for understanding which muscles affect specific parts of NLFs with various contours, for reducing the NLF in aesthetic treatments, and for reconstructing the NLF in cases of facial paralysis.

A minute thrombus can pass through a small type of interatrial communication, which can result in a stroke or transient ischemic attack and several associated symptoms. This study sought to investigate a new type of interatrial communication. Thirty-one hearts from embalmed adult cadavers were investigated. Each interatrial channels (IACs) was classified as either an open or obstructed channel according to the connection of each hole on the right and left surfaces of the interatrial septum. Open channels were found in two specimens (6.5%). Both open and obstructed IACs followed tortuous courses through the interatrial septum. On the right surface of the interatrial septum, the hole was usually found adjacent to the left border of the interatrial septum between the opening of the superior vena cava into the right atrium and the superior margin of the fossa ovalis. Conversely, holes on the left surface of the interatrial septum were usually found in the upper and middle parts adjacent to the left border of the interatrial septum. This novel finding is expected to support our understanding of the onset of possible symptoms such as stroke in the absence of classical atrial septal defects.

The aim of this work is to study the phase transformations, microstructures, and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel (MSS) 410 deposits produced by laser powder-directed energy deposition (LP-DED) additive manufacturing. The LP-DED MSS 410 deposits underwent post-heat treatment, which included austenitizing at 980 °C for 3 h, followed by different tempering treatments at the temperatures of 250, 600, and 750 °C for 5 h, respectively. The analyses of phase transformations and microstructural evolutions of LP-DED MSS 410 were carried out using X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDS, and EBSD. Vickers hardness and tensile strength properties were also measured to analyze the effects of the different tempering heat treatments. It revealed that the as-built MSS 410 has very fine lath martensite, high hardness of about 480 HV1.0, and tensile strength of about 1280 MPa, but elongation was much lower than the post-heat-treated ones. Precipitations of chromium carbide (Cr23C6) were most commonly observed at the grain boundaries and the entire matrix at the tempering temperatures of 600 °C and 750 °C. In general, the tensile strength decreased from 1381 MPa to 688 MPa as tempering temperatures increased to 750 °C from 250 °C. Additionally, as the tempering temperature increased, the chromium carbide and tempered martensite structures became coarser.

In-situ TEM investigation of aging response in an Al–7.8 at.% Li was performed at 200 °C up to 13 hours. Semi-spherical δ ′ precipitates growing up to an average radius of 7.5 nm were observed. The size and number of individual precipitates were recorded over time and compared to large-scale phase-field simulations without and with a chemo-mechanical coupling effect, that is, concentration dependence of the elastic constants of the matrix solid solution phase. This type of coupling was recently reported in theoretical studies leading to an inverse ripening process where smaller precipitates grew at the expense of larger ones. Considering this chemo-mechanical coupling effect, the temporal evolution of number density, average radius, and size distribution of the precipitates observed in the in-situ experiment were explained. The results indicate that the mechanism of inverse ripening can be active in this case. Formation of dislocations and precipitate-free zones are discussed as possible disturbances to the chemo-mechanical coupling effect and consequent inverse ripening process.

Microstructural design with an Al addition is suggested for low-carbon, manganese transformation-induced-plasticity (Mn TRIP) steel for application in the continuous-annealing process. With an Al content of 1 mass pct, the competition between the recrystallization of the cold-rolled microstructure and the austenite formation cannot be avoided during intercritical annealing, and the recrystallization of the deformed matrix does not proceed effectively. The addition of 3 mass pct Al, however, allows nearly complete recrystallization of the deformed microstructure by providing a dual-phase cold-rolled structure consisting of ferrite and martensite and by suppressing excessive austenite formation at a higher annealing temperature. An optimized annealing condition results in the room-temperature stability of the intercritical austenite in Mn TRIP steel containing 3 mass pct Al, permitting persistent transformation to martensite during tensile deformation. The alloy presents an excellent strength-ductility balance combining a tensile strength of approximately 1 GPa with a total elongation over 25 pct, which is comparable to that of Mn TRIP steel subjected to batch-type annealing.

The effective application of graphene and other 2D materials is strongly dependent on the industrial-scale manufacturing of films and powders of appropriate morphology and quality. Here, we discuss three state-of-the-art mass production techniques, their limitations, and opportunities for future improvement. The industrial application of two-dimensional (2D) materials strongly depends on the large-scale manufacturing of high-quality 2D films and powders. Here, the authors analyze three state-of-the art mass production techniques, discussing the recent progress and remaining challenges for future improvements.

We report on comparative atom probe tomography investigations of γ/γ′-forming Co–12Ti–4Mo–Cr alloys. Moderate additions of Cr (2 and 4 at%) reduced the γ/γ′ lattice misfit and increased the γ′ volume fraction of a Co–12Ti–4Mo alloy significantly. These microstructural changes were accompanied by changes in the elemental partitioning between γ and γ′ and site-occupancy in γ′. Spatial distribution maps revealed that Mo occupied both Co and Ti sub-lattice sites in γ′. In agreement with the experimental data, thermodynamic calculations predicted a stronger tendency for Mo to occupy the Co-sites than for Cr and an increase in Cr fraction on the Ti-sites with increasing Cr content.

In this study, microstructural evolution during solidification of a hypereutectic Al–Mn–Fe–Si alloy was investigated using semi-quantitative two-/three-dimensional phase-field modeling. The formation of facetted Al6Mn precipitates and the temperature evolution during solidification were simulated and experimentally validated. The temperature evolution obtained from the phase-field simulation, which was balanced between extracted heat and latent heat release, was compared to the thermal profile of the specimen measured during casting to validate the semi-quantitative phase-field simulation. The casting microstructure, grain morphology, and solute distribution of the specimen were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopy and compared with the simulated microstructure. The simulation results identified the different Fe to Mn ratios in Al6(Mnx,Fe1−x) precipitates that formed during different solidification stages and were confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The precipitates formed in the late solidification stage were more enriched with Fe than the primary precipitate due to solute segregation in the interdendritic channel. The semi-quantitative model facilitated a direct comparison between the simulation and experimental observations.

Pop-ins on nanoindentation load–displacement curves of a ferritic steel were correlated with yield drops on its tensile stress–strain curves. To investigate the relationship between these two phenomena, nanoindentation and tensile tests were performed on annealed specimens, prestrained specimens, and specimens aged for various times after prestraining. Clear nanoindentation pop-ins were observed on annealed specimens, which disappeared when specimens were indented right after the prestrain, but reappeared to varying degrees after strain aging. Yield drops in tensile tests showed similar disappearance and appearance, indicating that the two phenomena, at the nano- and macro-scale, respectively, are closely related and influenced by dislocation locking by solutes (Cottrell atmospheres).