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"Chao, Yun-Yang"
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Potential of Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria in Sustainably Enhancing the Agronomic and Physiological Performances of Rice
Cereal grains and tubers are among the highly consumed staple foods globally; however, due to unfavorable weather conditions and the competition for natural resources, the major staple cereal crops, such as rice, are under production threat. On the other hand, the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase crop yield is deteriorating the growing environment for plants and animals, including humans. As such, sustainable management practices are the key method that can be employed to increase crop production without harming the environment. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), such as the purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB), have recently gained much attention in crop production due to their ability to accumulate higher-value compounds that are highly beneficial to crops. Some of the major benefits PNSB holds are that it can fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphate, remediate heavy metals, suppress methane emissions from waterlogged paddy fields, and assist in carbon sequestration. These benefits allow PNSB to be an important bacterium for improving plant growth and yield much more sustainably while benefiting the environment. This review article discusses the beneficial effects of PNSB on rice crop plants through careful screening of previous work in this area. The review also identifies the research gaps and suggests future research pathways to make PNSB an important bacteria for sustainable rice crop production. The review paper aims for the United Nation’s sustainable development goal number two, “Zero Hunger,” target 2.4, indicator 2.4.1, “Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture”.
Journal Article
Different Drought-Tolerant Mechanisms in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) Based on Physiological Analysis
The purpose of this experiment is to study the effects of treatment with 90% (28.5% volumetric water content (VWC)), 75% (24% VWC), 50% (16% VWC), and 25% (8% VWC) of water requirements on the growth of two djulis (Chenopodium formosana Koidz) varieties (red: RP and yellow: OR) and one quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) varieties (PI). The results showed that drought stress (8% VWC) significantly reduced plant growth and relative water content, and increased H2O2 and MDA content in C. formosana and C. quinoa. The most significant increase in these parameters was detected in the OR variety. The antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, APX, and GR activities of PI variety under drought treatment (8% VWC), are significantly increased, while GR activity of C. formosana also increased significantly. Additionally, C. formosana and PI variety remained at a stable AsA/DHA ratio, but the GSH/GSSG ratio decreased during drought treatment. Moreover, drought stress increased total soluble sugars and proline content in the PI variety. However, C. formosana proline content was extremely significantly enhanced, and only the OR variety increased the total soluble sugar content at the same time during the vegetative growth period. In summary, C. formosana and C. quinoa have different drought tolerance mechanisms to adapt to being cultivated and produced under severe drought conditions.
Journal Article
Foliar Application of Rhodopseudomonas palustris Enhances the Rice Crop Growth and Yield under Field Conditions
Anthropogenic activities causing climate change and other environmental effects are lowering crop yield by deteriorating the growing environment for crops. Rice, a globally important cereal crop, is under production threat due to climate change and land degradation. This research aims to sustainably improve rice growth and yield by using Rhodopseudomonas palustris, a plant growth-promoting bacteria that has recently gained much attention in crop production. The experiment was set up in two fields, one as a control and the other as a PNSB-treated field. The foliar application of treatment was made fortnightly until the end of the vegetative stage. Data on the growth, yield, and antioxidant enzymes were collected weekly. The results of this experiment indicate no significant differences in the plant height, root volume, average grain per panicle, biological yield, grain fertility, and antioxidant enzyme activity between the PNSB-treated and untreated plants. However, a significant increase in the tiller number, leaf chlorophyll content and lodging resistance were noted with PNSB treatment. Likewise, PNSB-treatment significantly increased root length (25%), root dry weight (57%), productive tillers per plants (26%), average grains per plant (38%), grain yield (33%), 1000 grain weight (1.6%), and harvest index (41%). Hence, from this research, it can be concluded that foliar application of PNSB on rice crops under field conditions improves crop growth and yield, although it does not affect antioxidant enzyme activity.
Journal Article
Exogenous calcium fertilizer supplementation regulates production period in djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.)
In this study, red and yellow varieties of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz) were cultivated in spring and autumn, and the effects of calcium carbonate treatment on their growth traits, antioxidant capacity, and grain maturation were examined. This study showed that calcium carbonate treatment increased the plant height and stem thickness in the red variety of djulis. The treatment also significantly increases the yield components of the red variety of djulis, such as spike length and thousand-grain weight. Treating the red variety of djulis with calcium carbonate in spring significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. Interestingly, results indicated that calcium carbonate treatment could promote the early maturation of the mid-late-maturing red variety of djulis and delay the maturation of the early-maturing yellow variety. Hence this experiment concludes that the exogenous calcium treatment in djulis can regulate grain maturation and promote growth, yield, and antioxidant enzyme activity; however, the growing season and the varietal effects play a vital role in determining the overall productivity of the djulis crop.
Journal Article
Utilization of Rhodopseudomonas palustris in Crop Rotation Practice Boosts Rice Productivity and Soil Nutrient Dynamics
Using beneficial microorganisms, such as purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB), has shown enormous potential for improving plant growth and agricultural production. However, the full extent of their benefits and interactions with agricultural practices is yet to be fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the use of PNSB in crop rotation practice, focusing on its impact on rice growth and yield. The experiment was conducted over two rice cropping seasons, with djulis grown between the rice as a rotation crop. The study shows that PNSB treatment increased the concentration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in plants, indicating enhanced photosynthesis. Moreover, when combined with crop rotation, PNSB remarkably improved soil fertility. These combined benefits resulted in substantial increases in tiller numbers (163%), leaf chlorophyll content (13%), and lodging resistance (66%), compared to the untreated plants. The combined treatment also resulted in higher productive tillers per hill (112%), average grain per hill (65%), and grain fertility (26%). This led to increased grain yield (65%), shoot dry weight (15%), and harvest index (37%). The findings clearly suggest that the incorporation of PNSB in crop rotation strategies can significantly augment the growth and yield of rice crops. These insights, pivotal for sustainable rice cultivation, hold the potential to simultaneously tackle the pressing issues of global food security and climate change.
Journal Article
Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) Stems as Sustainable Sawdust Alternative for Pleurotus sajor-caju Cultivation: A Feasibility Study
The heavy reliance of the mushroom industry on sawdust substrates is putting increasing pressure on already limited forest resources, forcing researchers to seek alternative materials. This study investigated the feasibility of using post-harvest djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) stems, waste from this indigenous crop in Taiwan, to partially replace sawdust for Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivation. Initial screening with 0–100% djulis replacement revealed growth inhibition above 50% incorporation levels. Refined experiments focusing on 0–30% djulis ratios demonstrated that strain PT exhibited superior adaptation to djulis-containing substrates. Commercial scale grow bag trials showed that among djulis treatments, 25% djulis incorporation achieved the fastest mycelial colonization rate (1.0 cm/day), while 15% incorporation yielded the highest biological efficiency (76.17%), comparable to commercial controls (76.80%). Three-flush harvest cycles confirmed stable productivity across treatments, with total yields ranging from 286 to 320 g/bag. Nutritional analysis showed no major changes in amino acids and antioxidants, with djulis incorporation maintaining protein quality while some enhancement in total free amino acid content and reducing power at 25% incorporation. These findings demonstrate that 15–25% djulis stem substitution sustained commercial production parameters while contributing to sustainable agricultural waste management and reducing forest resource dependence.
Journal Article
Insights into Physiological Mechanisms of Salt Stress Tolerance in Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) Sprouts
Climate change has led to sea level rise and the salinization of arable land in coastal areas, which has affected the production of crops. Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. (djulis) has high nutritional value in Taiwan; however, the salt tolerance mechanism of djulis remains unclear. Therefore, the physiological salt tolerance mechanism of djulis was investigated in this study, which found that after the djulis sprouts were treated with 400 mM NaCl for 5 d, their growth was inhibited; the survival rate decreased by 45%, and the plant height and dry weight decreased by 9% and 36%, respectively. The content of the superoxide anion reactive oxygen species decreased as the treatment duration increased, whereas the H2O2 content increased with the treatment duration. The activity of antioxidants, namely ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase, gradually increased as the treatment duration increased; the ratios of ascorbic acid to docosahexaenoic acid and glutathione to oxidized glutathione also increased significantly. The content of proline increased with the treatment duration. Moreover, the K+ content increased as Na+ accumulated. Accordingly, this study determined 400 mM to be the NaCl threshold level for djulis. Under the salt stress at this NaCl level, the djulis transported Na+ from the roots to aboveground portion and stored it in salt bladders to alleviate the toxic damage of Na+. In addition, proline and K+ were accumulated to adjust the osmotic pressure of cells.
Journal Article
Effect of Calcium on the Growth of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) Sprouts
Taiwanese quinoa (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz, commonly known as djulis) is a close relative of quinoa, is rich in nutritional value and high active components, such as, betaine and polyphenols, and is a vital food crop. We investigated the effects of calcium carbonate on the growth and physiology of Djulis sprouts because calcium is an essential nutrient for plants that can strengthen a plant’s root system and improve its nutrient absorption; moreover, under abiotic stress, calcium transmits messages to enhance cell tolerance. Experiments were conducted using 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mM calcium carbonate hydroponic liquid treatment. Treatment with 5 mM calcium carbonate promoted the growth of djulis; specifically, root length, plant height, aboveground fresh weight, and dry weight increased by 55%, 12%, 37%, and 17%, respectively. In further investigation of the physiological change of djulis sprouts treated with calcium carbonate, the results showed that after 5 days of treatment with 5 mM calcium carbonate, the contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde decreased significantly while the chlorophyll content increased significantly. Antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly improved. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were increased by 42%, 25%, 35.7%, and 56.4%, respectively, and the calcium content of the aboveground and underground plant parts was increased fourfold and threefold, respectively. The content of proline, regarded as an osmoprotectant, was reduced by 12%. Thus, we concluded that treatment of djulis sprouts with 5 mM calcium carbonate can improve their antioxidant capacity, reduce the content of reactive oxygen species, and promote crop growth.
Journal Article
Investigating the efficacy of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) inoculation on djulis (Chenopodium Formosanum Koidz.) growth, yield, and maturity period modulation
Background
Djulis (
Chenopodium formosanum
Koidz.) is a nutrient-rich plant with potential health benefits, but its intensive fertilization hinders its yield, raising environmental concerns. Biofertilizers like purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) offer an eco-friendly alternative to enhance growth and yield, yet limited research has investigated their efficacy on different crop lines or varieties. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate PNSB’s effectiveness on two djulis lines in two fields, one control and the other inoculated with PNSB.
Methods
Data on the growth and yield of djulis lines were collected, and the results were statistically analyzed using independent sample
t
-tests and Duncan’s multiple-range test.
Results
The results showed that PNSB inoculation in the red line led to a significant increase in plant height (24%), leaf chlorophyll content (15%), spike length (35%), spike fresh weight (94%), shoot dry weight (207%), grain yield (86%), root length (119%), root volume (100%), and root dry weight (23%). As in the yellow line, PNSB inoculation significantly increased plant height (14%), spike length (26%), spike fresh weight (43%), shoot dry weight (53%), root length (36%), root volume (72%), and root dry weight (24%). Inoculation of PNSB had opposite effects on the maturity period of red and yellow djulis lines. It significantly improved the yield of the low-performing red line but had only minor effects on the high-performing yellow line, indicating the importance of selecting suitable lines.
Conclusion
This study highlights PNSB’s potential as a sustainable and cost-effective biofertilizer for djulis production, bolstering both food security and agricultural productivity.
Journal Article