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"Charles, E."
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Trastuzumab Emtansine for Residual Invasive HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
Residual cancer after induction therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer is associated with a worse prognosis than no residual cancer. In a randomized trial, trastuzumab emtansine was superior to trastuzumab with respect to invasive disease–free survival.
Journal Article
Multimodal Machine Learning in Image-Based and Clinical Biomedicine: Survey and Prospects
Machine learning (ML) applications in medical artificial intelligence (AI) systems have shifted from traditional and statistical methods to increasing application of deep learning models. This survey navigates the current landscape of multimodal ML, focusing on its profound impact on medical image analysis and clinical decision support systems. Emphasizing challenges and innovations in addressing multimodal representation, fusion, translation, alignment, and co-learning, the paper explores the transformative potential of multimodal models for clinical predictions. It also highlights the need for principled assessments and practical implementation of such models, bringing attention to the dynamics between decision support systems and healthcare providers and personnel. Despite advancements, challenges such as data biases and the scarcity of “big data” in many biomedical domains persist. We conclude with a discussion on principled innovation and collaborative efforts to further the mission of seamless integration of multimodal ML models into biomedical practice.
Journal Article
Worldwide application of prevention science in adolescent health
The burden of morbidity and mortality from non-communicable disease has risen worldwide and is accelerating in low-income and middle-income countries, whereas the burden from infectious diseases has declined. Since this transition, the prevention of non-communicable disease as well as communicable disease causes of adolescent mortality has risen in importance. Problem behaviours that increase the short-term or long-term likelihood of morbidity and mortality, including alcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse, mental health problems, unsafe sex, risky and unsafe driving, and violence are largely preventable. In the past 30 years new discoveries have led to prevention science being established as a discipline designed to mitigate these problem behaviours. Longitudinal studies have provided an understanding of risk and protective factors across the life course for many of these problem behaviours. Risks cluster across development to produce early accumulation of risk in childhood and more pervasive risk in adolescence. This understanding has led to the construction of developmentally appropriate prevention policies and programmes that have shown short-term and long-term reductions in these adolescent problem behaviours. We describe the principles of prevention science, provide examples of efficacious preventive interventions, describe challenges and potential solutions to take efficacious prevention policies and programmes to scale, and conclude with recommendations to reduce the burden of adolescent mortality and morbidity worldwide through preventive intervention.
Journal Article
Keeping sight of copper in single-atom catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction
Carbon dioxide can be electrochemically converted into valuable multi-carbon products using Cu-based single-atom catalysts. However, transient cluster formation, which is undetectable using ex-situ techniques, may be responsible for C
2+
products. Here we discuss these observations to highlight the need for
operando
characterisation when defining active sites.
Cu-based single atom catalysts can convert CO
2
into multi-carbon products, however, the assignment of active sites needs great caution. In this comment, the authors discuss the transient Cu cluster formation as active sites and emphasise the need for operando characterisation in mechanistic study.
Journal Article
The Social Mission of the U.S. Catholic Church
How does the Church function in the world? What is itcalledto do, and what does itactuallydo? Charles E. Curran explores the social mission of the U.S. Catholic Church from a theological perspective, analyzing and assessing four aspects: the importance of social mission, who carries it out, how it is carried out, and the roles that the Church and individual Catholics play in supporting these efforts. In the early and mid-twentieth century the Catholic Church in the United States tended to focus its social mission on its own charities, hospitals, and schools. But the Second Vatican Council called the Church to a new understanding of social mission, deepening its involvement in and commitment to civic, social, and political life in the United States and abroad. Curran devotes particular attention to three issues that have reflected the Church's strong sense of social mission since that time: abortion, war and peace, and labor.The Social Mission of the U.S. Catholic Churchdescribes the proper role of bishops, institutions, and movements in the Church, but insists that the primary role belongs to all the baptized members of the Church as they live out the social mission in their daily lives.
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