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Background Implementing public health interventions in schools requires active involvement of multiple stakeholders and adaptation of interventions to fit local contexts, to account for successful design, implementation, and consequently effectiveness of these interventions. Active collaboration, preferably in a co-creation process, with school staff is needed to enhance the implementation of school-based public health interventions. However, involving them in research through a co-creation process is challenging due to competing demands on their time. Hence, there is a need for insights into the factors facilitating or impeding co-creation processes involving school staff. Methods To gain in-depth knowledge of school staff’s experiences a scoping review and thematic synthesis have been conducted. Peer reviewed articles written in English and published between January 2012 and November 2023 were retrieved from ERIC, Education Database, Medline (PubMed interface), Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Health CASCADE Co-creation Database. Considering the high amount of search results the title and abstract screening was performed using ASReview. A thematic synthesis was conducted on the included articles. Results Ten scientific peer reviewed articles were included and thematically synthesised. Six descriptive themes described factors influencing the co-creation process, including competing work roles and responsibilities of school staff, multistakeholder collaboration, benefits of participation in the co-creation process, power imbalances between different stakeholders, and school staff’s lived experiences. Additionally, four analytical themes emerged indicating that demands of the co-creation process outweigh its benefits. To tackle excessive demands school staff preferred a guided process in which high-level participation was less important. School staff joined the co-creation process to serve students and emphasised the importance of being heard and taken seriously. Conclusions School staff indicated that excessive demands outweigh the benefits experienced during the co-creation process. Therefore, school staff preferred less time-intensive processes. Improving students outcomes was school staff’s motivation to be involved, which asks for processes with student-related goals and observable student benefits. Moreover, school staff needs to be acknowledged as an expert and valued for their involvement. These results should be considered to make co-creation processes involving school staff more feasible and satisfactory.

Whilst deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (DBS-STN) improves the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), its effect on daily activity is unknown. We aimed to quantify changes in ambulatory activity following DBS-STN in advanced PD using novel accelerometry based measures that describe changes to the volume and pattern of walking. Seventeen participants with advanced PD were measured over a 7-day period using an activPAL ™ activity monitor. Data were collected 6 weeks before and 6 months after surgery and included measures that describe the volume and pattern of ambulatory activity (number of steps per day, accumulation, diversity and variability of walking time), alongside standard measures for disease severity, freezing of gait, gait speed, and extended activities of daily living. Activity outcomes were compared pre- and 6 months post-surgery using linear mixed models and correlated with standard outcomes. The results of this study are despite significant improvements in motor symptoms after surgery, the volume of ambulatory activity (total number of steps per day) did not change ( P  = 0.468). However, significant increases in length and variability of walking bouts emerged, suggesting improvements in diversity and flexibility of walking patterns. Motor severity and extended activities of daily living scores were significantly correlated with walking bout variability but not with volume of walking. Thus, the conclusions are reduction in motor symptom severity after DBS-STN translated into selective improvements in daily activity. Novel measures derived from accelerometry provide a discrete measure of performance and allow closer interpretation of the impact of DBS-STN on real-world activity.

Background There is a growing investment in the use of co-creation, reflected by an increase in co-created products, services, and interventions. At the same time, a growing recognition of the significance of co-creators’ experience can be detected but there is a gap in the aggregation of the literature with regard to experience. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review is to uncover the breadth of existing empirical research on co-creation experience, how it has been defined and assessed, and its key emotional and psychological characteristics in the context of co-created products, services, or interventions among adults. Methods The development of the search strategy was guided by the research question, Arksey, and O’Malley’s scoping review methodology guidelines, and through collaboration with members of the Health CASCADE consortium. The results of the search and the study inclusion process will be reported in full and presented both narratively and by use of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) flow diagram. Comprehensive searches of relevant electronic databases (e.g. Scopus) will be conducted to identify relevant papers. Snowball searches to identify additional papers through included full-text papers will be done using the artificial intelligence tool, namely, Connected Papers. All review steps will involve at least two reviewers. Studies in English, Dutch, Chinese, Spanish, and French, published from the year 1970 onwards, will be considered. Microsoft Excel software will be used to record and chart extracted data. Discussion The resulting scoping review could provide useful insights into adult co-creators’ experience of participating in the co-creation process. An increased understanding of the role of emotional and psychological experiences of participating in co-creation processes may help to inform the co-creation process and lead to potential benefits for the co-creators and co-created outcome. Systematic review registration 10.5281/zenodo.7665851.

Over the last decade, sedentary behaviors have emerged as a distinctive behavioral paradigm with deleterious effects on health independent of physical activity. The next phase of research is to establish dose response between sedentary behaviors and health outcomes and improve understanding of context and determinants of these behaviors. Establishing a common taxonomy of these behaviors is a necessary step in this process. The Sedentary behavior International Taxonomy project was developed to establish a classification of sedentary behaviors by use of a formal consensus process. The study follows a Delphi process in three Rounds. A preparatory stage informed the development of terms of reference documents. In Round 1, experts were asked to make statements about the taxonomy; 1) its purpose and use ; 2) the domains, categories or facets that should be consider and include; 3) the structure/architecture to arrange and link these domains and facets. In Round 2 experts will be presented with a draft taxonomy emerging from Round 1 and invited to comment and propose alterations. The taxonomy will then be finalised at the outset of this stage. Results of Round 1 are reported here. There is a general consensus that a taxonomy will help advances in research by facilitating systematic and standardised: 1) investigation and analysis; 2) reporting and communication; 3) data pooling, comparison and meta-analysis; 4) development of measurement tools; 4) data descriptions, leading to higher quality in data querying and facilitate discoveries. There is also a consensus that such a taxonomy should be flexible to accommodate diverse purposes of use, and future advances in the field and yet provide a cross-disciplinary common language. A consensual taxonomy structure emerged with nine primary facets (Purpose, Environment, Posture, Social, Measurement, Associated behavior, Status, Time, Type) and the draft structure presented here for Round 2.